Table 1. Dependent, Independent, and Control Variables Measured.

Variable	Description	No. of Items	Scoring
Dependent
Missed care	Self-reported care tasks (ie, taking residents for a walk, talking with residents, performing mouth care, toileting, bathing residents, feeding residents, dressing residents, and preparing residents for sleep) that were left undone during respondent’s most recent shift, No.	8	Count: range, 0-8
Rushed care	Self-reported care tasks (ie, talking with residents, performing mouth care, toileting, bathing residents, feeding residents, dressing residents, and preparing residents for sleep) that were rushed during respondent’s most recent shift, No.	7	Count: range, 0-7
Independent
Organizational context	Respondent’s perception of work environment of the care unit, measured with the Alberta Context Tool	1	Binary: more favorable vs less favorable
Leadership	Actions of formal leaders in an organization (unit) to influence changes and excellence in practice; items generally reflect emotionally intelligent leadership	6	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Culture	The way that things are done in the organizations and work units; items generally reflect a supportive work culture	6	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Evaluation	The process of using data to assess group or team performance and to achieve outcomes in organizations or units	6	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Formal interaction	Formal exchanges between individuals working within an organization or unit through scheduled activities that can promote the transfer of knowledge	4	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point frequency Likert scale in which 1 = never and 5 = almost always; recoded to 0 = no interaction, 1 = interaction and a recount of recoded items was taken
Informal interaction	Informal exchanges among individuals working within an organization or unit that can promote the transfer of knowledge	9	Count: 5-point Likert frequency scale in which 1 = never and 5 = almost always; recoded to 0 = no interaction, 1 = interaction and a count of recoded items was taken
Structural and electronic resources	Structural elements of an organization or unit that facilitate the ability to assess and use knowledge	7	Count: 5-point Likert frequency scale in which 1 = never and 5 = almost always; recoded to 0 = no interaction, 1 = interaction and a count of recoded items was taken
Social capital	Stock of active connections among people, including 3 types of connections: bonding, bridging, and linking	6	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Organizational slack in use of staff	Cushion of actual or potential staff resources that allows an organization or unit to adapt successfully to internal pressures for adjustments or to external pressures for changes	3	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Organizational slack in use of space	Cushion of actual or potential space resources that allows an organization or unit to adapt successfully to internal pressures for adjustments or to external pressures for changes	2	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Organizational slack in use of time	Cushion of actual or potential time resources that allows an organization or unit to adapt successfully to internal pressures for adjustments or to external pressures for changes	4	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Control
Age	Respondent’s age, y	1	Categorical: <20, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, or ≥60
Sex	Respondent’s sex	1	Binary: women or men
Education	Care aide certificate obtained	1	Binary: yes or no
English as first language	English is respondent’s first language	1	Binary: yes or no
Shift worked most often	Shift the respondent works most often	1	Categorical: day, evening, or night
Experience on current unit	Total time that the respondent has worked on their current unit, y	1	Continuous
Responsive behaviors from residents	Responsive behaviors (eg, yelling, biting, sexual touching) that respondent experienced from residents in their most recent 5 shifts, No.	1	Count: range, 0-6
Job satisfaction	Respondent satisfaction with their current job, measured with the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Subscale.	3	Continuous: mean of items on a 5-point Likert scale in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree
Burnout	Measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory 9-item short form
Emotional exhaustion	Respondent feels emotionally exhausted or strained	3	Continuous: mean of 7-point Likert scale in which 0 = never and 6 = daily
Cynicism	Respondent feels cynical or that their work does not contribute to anything	3	Continuous: mean of 7-point Likert scale in which 0 = never and 6 = daily
Efficacy	Respondent feels their work is meaningful or has a sense of accomplishment	3	Continuous: mean of 7-point Likert scale in which 0 = never and 6 = daily
Health status	Measured with the 8-item Short Form Survey
Physical health	Respondent’s perception of their own physical health in the most recent 4 wk	8	Continuous: scoring of items on 5- or 6-point Likert scales based on scale developers’ algorithm
Mental health	Respondent’s perception of their own mental health in the most recent 4 wk	8
Unit Level
Type	Type of care unit on which respondent works ≥50% of their time	1	Categorical: general nursing home, secure dementia, mental health, combined nursing home and dementia
Staffing level	Time worked by registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and care aides per resident per day, h	1	Continuous
% of care aide staffing out of total unit staffing	Time worked by care aides per resident per d out of time worked by registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and care aides per resident per d, %	1	Continuous: range, 0-100
Nursing Home Level
Owner-operator model	Ownership model of the nursing home	1	Categorical: public nonprofit, voluntary nonprofit, private for-profit
Size	Beds in the nursing home, No.	1	Categorical: small, ≤79; medium, 80-120; large, >120
Health region	Health region that regulates the nursing home	1	Categorical: BC Fraser Health Authority, BC Interior Health Authority, Alberta Health Edmonton Zone, Alberta Health Calgary Zone, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority

Abbreviation: BC, British Columbia.