Foa 1991.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial
Participants	55 female rape victims in the USA. All DSM‐IIIR PTSD
Interventions	9 1½‐hour sessions of prolonged exposure (n = 14) vs stress inoculation training (n = 17) vs supportive counselling (n = 14) vs waiting list (n = 10) control (all interventions included in meta‐analyses).
Outcomes	PTSD severity, BDI, STAI
Notes	Experienced therapists delivered therapy and treatment adherence was assessed.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: The method of sequence generation was not reported.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: There is no mention of any measures taken to conceal allocation.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Quote: "Subsequent analyses were conducted on data from the 45 completers." Comment: 10 participants dropped out of treatment (prolonged exposure (4) vs stress inoculation training (3) vs supportive counselling (3) vs waiting list control (0)). No reasons reported for drop‐outs.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Comment: All specified outcomes were reported.
Other bias	Low risk	Comment: There were no other obvious sources of bias.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comment: Participants were aware of their allocation.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: "Assessments at pre‐treatment, posttreatment, and follow‐up consisted of clinical interviews conducted by an independent assessor, who was blind to treatment conditions, and self report questionnaires"