Schematic representation of HIEs and HIOs and human enteric viruses propagated in them to date. Left: HIEs derived from biopsies of intestinal crypts are grown in 3D cultures and then transformed into 2D monolayers prior to virus infection. Middle: HIOs derived from PSCs can be propagated in 3D culture, chopped into pieces, and infected with virus before plating. Right: PSC can also be propagated directly as a 2D monolayer prior to virus infection. Bottom row: Enteric virus particles are shown in specific cell types to indicate their tropism. The figure was prepared with BioRender (biorender.com). 2D, two-dimensional; HIE, human intestinal enteroid; HIO, human intestinal organoid; PSC, pluripotent stem cell.