Table 2 Cardiopulmonary exercise testing reference values in persons with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease with and without cardiovascular disease.
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | With CVD | No CVD | All | With CVD | No CVD | |
| Subjects | 41 | 10 | 31 | 56 | 21 | 35 |
| Age | 77.3 (6.2) | 77.5 (6.8) | 77.3 (6.1) | 77.2 (7.0) | 77.6 (6.1) | 77.4 (7.6) |
| MMSE | 21.9 (3.5) | 22.0 (3.5) | 21.9 (3.3) | 21.3 (3.4) | 21.0 (2.7) | 21.5 (3.6) |
| BMI | 28.9 (5.2) | 30.0 (3.0) | 28.8 (5.6) | 28.5 (5.2) | 29.7 (5.1) | 27.5 (5.2) |
| Test Duration (min) | 8.2 (3.0) | 7.3 (2.3) | 8.6 (3.2) | 11.6 (3.3)** | 10.4 (3.6) | 12.1 (2.8) |
| Watts | 93.4 (29.7) | 87.7 (34.5) | 95.4 (28.2) | 122.1 (37.1)** | 115.8 (35.4) | 123.3 (38.9) |
| HR peak (bpm) | 121.8 (14.3) | 124.0 (10.5) | 121.1 (15.5) | 116.0 (19.0) | 111.1 (17.4) | 117.5 (19.4) |
| %APMHR Peak | 86.3 (10.8) | 87.7 (10.0) | 86.6 (11.0) | 79.2 (16.7)** | 75.7 (21.2) | 80.6 (13.4) |
| RPE peak | 15.6 (1.7) | 16.0 (1.6) | 15.6 (2.0) | 15.5 (2.3) | 14.9 (2.2) | 15.8 (2.3) |
| METS peak | 6.1 (1.4) | 5.4 (0.6) | 6.2 (1.4) | 6.8 (1.4)** | 6.4 (1.2) | 6.9 (1.5) |
| V E peak (L/min) | 40.1 (7.1) | 40.5 (5.3) | 39.8 (7.8) | 52.4 (13.8)** | 50.6 (13.3) | 52.7 (14.1) |
| RR peak (breaths/min) | 32.3 (7.4) | 32.8 (8.5) | 32.0 (7.3) | 28.3 (4.8)** | 28.1 (5.0) | 28.5 (4.9) |
| V T peak (V E /RR) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.4)** | 1.8 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) |
| VO 2 Peak (L/min) | 1.05 (0.20) | 1.07 (0.19) | 1.06 (0.24) | 1.40 (0.35)** | 1.36 (0.33) | 1.40 (0.36) |
| VO 2 Peak (ml/kg/min) | 15.8 (3.7) | 14.6 (3.2) | 16.1 (3.9) | 17.8 (4.6)** | 16.8 (3.7) | 18.3 (5.0) |
| VCO 2 Peak (L/min) | 1.12 (0.22) | 1.07 (0.22) | 1.14 (0.23) | 1.56 (0.50)** | 1.50 (0.46) | 1.56 (0.51) |
| VCO 2 Peak (ml/kg/min) | 16.8 (4.5) | 14.7 (2.8) | 17.2 (4.6) | 19.9 (6.4)** | 18.6 (5.7) | 20.4 (6.7) |
| RER Peak | 1.08 (0.10) | 1.06 (0.06) | 1.07 (0.09) | 1.11 (0.11) | 1.10 (0.10) | 1.10 (0.11) |
| EqVO 2 Peak | 38.6 (7.0) | 39.6 (8.2) | 37.8 (4.2) | 38.1 (5.9) | 37.4 (5.4) | 38.4 (6.4) |
| EqVCO 2 Peak | 36.2 (5.7) | 39.0 (8.1) | 35.3 (4.7) | 34.8 (5.2) | 34.4 (4.2) | 35.4 (5.8) |
| O 2 Pulse Peak (ml/beat) | 8.6 (1.6) | 8.7 (2.3) | 8.6 (1.4) | 12.0 (3.3)** | 11.6 (4.1) | 12.3 (2.7) |
| VO 2 / Work Rate Peak (ml/min/W) | 11.8 (3.3) | 12.4 (2.8) | 11.6 (3.5) | 11.9 (2.1) | 12.2 (2.5) | 11.8 (1.8) |
Values are expressed as means (SD). *Significantly different from individuals (within the same sex with CVD) (P=0.05). ** Significantly different from women (P=0.05). MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; BMI, body mass index; HR, heart rate; APMHR, age-predicted max heart rate; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; METS, metabolic equivalent of task; V E , minute ventilation; RR, respiratory rate; V T , tidal volume; VO 2 , volume of oxygen consumed; VCO 2 , volume of carbon dioxide produced; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; EqVO 2, ventilatory equivalents oxygen; EqVCO 2 , ventilatory equivalents carbon dioxide; O 2 Pulse, oxygen pulse.