Table 2. General Characteristics of the Study Population According to Participation in Diabetes Self-Management Education and the Type of Institution.
| Hospitals/medical clinics | p value | Public health institutions | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-participants (n=17962) | Participants (n=5438) | Non-participants (n=22156) | Participants (n=1244) | |||
| Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 8518 (74.7) | 2884 (25.3) | 10869 (95.3) | 533 (4.7) | ||
| Female | 9444 (78.7) | 2554 (21.3) | 11287 (94.1) | 711 (5.9) | ||
| Age, years | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 30–39 | 243 (57.7) | 178 (42.3) | 415 (98.6) | 6 (1.4) | ||
| 40–49 | 1092 (65.6) | 572 (34.4) | 1619 (97.3) | 45 (2.7) | ||
| 50–59 | 3305 (72.7) | 1241 (27.3) | 4384 (96.4) | 162 (3.6) | ||
| 60–69 | 5395 (76.5) | 1658 (23.5) | 6678 (94.7) | 375 (5.3) | ||
| ≥70 | 7927 (81.6) | 1789 (18.4) | 9060 (93.2) | 656 (6.8) | ||
| Place of residence | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Rural (eup/myeon) | 10159 (81.1) | 2371 (18.9) | 11685 (93.3) | 845 (6.7) | ||
| Urban (dong) | 7803 (71.8) | 3067 (28.2) | 10471 (96.3) | 399 (3.7) | ||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Married | 12368 (75.4) | 4040 (24.6) | 15526 (94.6) | 882 (5.4) | ||
| Divorced or separated | 970 (74.0) | 340 (26.0) | 1266 (96.6) | 44 (3.4) | ||
| Widowed | 4254 (82.5) | 901 (17.5) | 4850 (94.1) | 305 (5.9) | ||
| Single | 370 (70.2) | 157 (29.8) | 514 (97.5) | 13 (2.5) | ||
| Educational level | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Informal education | 4163 (84.7) | 750 (15.3) | 4613 (93.9) | 300 (6.1) | ||
| Primary school | 5152 (81.3) | 1185 (18.7) | 5909 (93.2) | 428 (6.8) | ||
| Middle school | 2914 (76.8) | 881 (23.2) | 3600 (94.9) | 195 (5.1) | ||
| High school | 3936 (71.4) | 1580 (28.6) | 5303 (96.1) | 213 (3.9) | ||
| College or higher | 1797 (63.3) | 1042 (36.7) | 2731 (96.2) | 108 (3.8) | ||
| Monthly household income, thousand KRW | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <1000 | 7298 (82.6) | 1539 (17.4) | 8262 (93.5) | 575 (6.5) | ||
| 1000–2999 | 6473 (76.0) | 2045 (24.0) | 8083 (94.9) | 435 (5.1) | ||
| 3000–4999 | 2710 (70.6) | 1130 (29.4) | 3680 (95.8) | 160 (4.2) | ||
| ≥5000 | 1481 (67.2) | 724 (32.8) | 2131 (96.6) | 74 (3.4) | ||
| Occupation | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Professional/managerial worker | 681 (62.8) | 403 (37.2) | 1057 (97.5) | 27 (2.5) | ||
| Clerk | 450 (64.1) | 252 (35.9) | 678 (96.6) | 24 (3.4) | ||
| Service and sales worker | 1494 (74.0) | 526 (26.0) | 1950 (96.5) | 70 (3.5) | ||
| Agricultural, forestry, and fishery worker | 3204 (82.2) | 694 (17.8) | 3619 (92.8) | 279 (7.2) | ||
| Mechanical/manual worker | 2932 (77.4) | 855 (22.6) | 3625 (95.7) | 162 (4.3) | ||
| Homemaker or student | 9201 (77.3) | 2708 (22.7) | 11227 (94.3) | 682 (5.7) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never smoker | 10267 (77.7) | 2953 (22.3) | 12419 (93.9) | 801 (6.1) | ||
| Former smoker | 4853 (75.9) | 1539 (24.1) | 6076 (95.1) | 316 (4.9) | ||
| Current smoker | 2842 (75.0) | 946 (25.0) | 3661 (96.6) | 127 (3.4) | ||
| Alcohol consumption frequency | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 9100 (78.3) | 2522 (21.7) | 10975 (94.4) | 647 (5.6) | ||
| ≤1 time/month | 3712 (76.1) | 1168 (23.9) | 4585 (94.0) | 295 (6.0) | ||
| ≥2 times/month | 5150 (74.7) | 1748 (25.3) | 6596 (95.6) | 302 (4.4) | ||
| Previous diagnosis of hypertension | <0.001 | 0.004 | ||||
| No | 6664 (73.9) | 2351 (26.1) | 8584 (95.2) | 431 (4.8) | ||
| Yes | 11298 (78.5) | 3087 (21.5) | 13572 (94.3) | 813 (5.7) | ||
| Self-perception of blood glucose level | 0.651 | 0.097 | ||||
| No | 2149 (76.4) | 663 (23.6) | 2644 (94.0) | 168 (6.0) | ||
| Yes | 15813 (76.8) | 4775 (23.2) | 19512 (94.8) | 1076 (5.2) | ||
| Insulin treatment | <0.001 | 0.291 | ||||
| No | 16960 (78.4) | 4680 (21.6) | 20480 (94.6) | 1160 (5.4) | ||
| Yes | 1002 (56.9) | 758 (43.1) | 1676 (95.2) | 84 (4.8) | ||
Data are presented as number (percentage).