Table 2.

Predictors of time to LLDAS

	Median time to LLDAS	Univariate		Multivariable
		HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value
Ethnicity
Non-African-American	0.95	Ref		Ref
African-American	1.5	0.63(0.55–0.73)	<0.001	0.61(0.52–0.70	<0.001
Duration of SLE*
<1 year	1	Ref		Ref
1–5 years	1.2	0.75(0.62–0.89	0.001	0.8(0.67–0.96	0.016
>5 years	1.4	0.72(0.62–0.85	<0.001	0.79(0.66–0.94	0.007
Prednisone dose*
≤10 mg	0.6	Ref		Ref
>10 mg	1.4	0.56(0.48–0.64)	<0.001	0.57(0.49–0.66)	<0.001
Hydroxychloroquine use*
No	1.3	Ref
Yes	1	1.23(1.07–1.41)	0.004
Hypocomplementemia*
No	0.9	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.5	0.66(0.57–0.76)	<0.001	0.68(0.59–0.79	<0.001
anti-dsDNA positivity*
No	1.1	Ref
Yes	1.3	0.85(0.73–0.98)	0.026
PGA*
≤1	1	Ref
>1	1.3	0.78(0.68–0.90	<0.001
SLICC/ACR Damage Index Score*
≤1	1	Ref		Ref
>1	1.4	0.79(0.67–0.92)	0.003	0.84(0.71–0.99)	0.041
SELENA-SLEDAI*
≤4	1	Ref
>4	1.4	0.81(0.70–0.92)	0.002
Cutaneous activity*
Absent	1.2	Ref		Ref
Present	0.9	1.23(1.06–1.44)	0.007	1.19(1.01–1.39)	0.035
Renal activity*
Absent	1	Ref		Ref
Present	1.6	0.70(0.59–0.82)	<0.001	0.72(0.61–0.85)	<0.001
Lupus Anticoagulant
Never	1.1	Ref
Ever	1.3	0.85(0.72–0.99)	0.042

Median time to LLDAS was presented as years. There was no significant association between time to LLDAS and baseline age, sex, history of smoking, immunosuppressant use, musculoskeletal activity, hematological activity, serositis, and anticardiolipin antibody positivity. SELENA-SLEDAI and PGA were not included in the final multivariable model due to their collinearity with cutaneous and renal activity.

LLDAS=lupus low disease activity state, SLE=Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, C3=Complement 3, C4=Complement 4, Anti-dsDNA=anti double stranded DNA, PGA=Physician Global Assessment, SLICC/ACR= Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ American College of Rheumatology, SELENA-SLEDAI= the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the SLE disease activity index, and *= baseline.