Table 3:

Expression levels and Known Roles of Genes in Human Articular/Engineered Cartilage

Gene	TPM in hMSC- derived cartilage	TPM in Adult AC	TPM in Neonatal AC	Known role in cartilage biology
Hoxa2	1.58	2.38	0.39	Inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling during osteogenic differentiation of the palatal mesenchyme (Iyyanar & Nazarali, 2017)
HOXC11	1.75	3.51	0.36	Required for synovial joint formation (Koyama et al., 2010; Wellik & Capecchi, 2003)
HOXD11	0.05	1.51	4.37	Required for limb bud development, SHH induction (Johnson & Tabin, 1997)
KLF13	6.89	11.90	36.65	Cross-regulates BMP2 (Pabona, Zeng, Simmen, & Simmen, 2010)
LIF	6.00	37.42	0.14	Stimulates proteoglycan release and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis in cultured pig articular cartilage explants (Hui, Bell, Carroll, & Layton, 1998)
Nkx2.5	0.12	1.34	0.18	Required for proper craniofacial development in zebrafish (Iklé et al., 2017)
Pax8	20.81	8.81	0.14	Impaired linear growth, delayed endochondral ossification, reduced cortical bone, reduced bone mineralization in knockout mice (Mansouri, Chowdhury, & Gruss, 1998)
PRKCQ	0.18	4.09	0.60	Mediates BMP-4-induced osteoblastic differentiation (Park et al., 2010)
TLR6	0.67	2.32	0.24	Treatment of chondrocytes with TLR6 ligands resulted in collagen resorption and MMP1 upregulation (Zhang et al., 2008)
WNT16	0.39	2.82	0.25	Antagonizes excessive canonical WNT activation and protects cartilage in osteoarthritis (Nalesso et al., 2017); Synovial overexpression of Wnt16 led to canonical Wnt signaling in cartilage which increased protease activity and induced cartilage damage (van den Bosch et al., 2015)