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. 2020 Jan 30;10:1529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58412-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TVNS-paired extinction training results in the prevention of behavioral reinstatement of fear. Upper Panel (a and b): Mean shock expectancy ratings averaged across the last two subsequent extinction test trials prior to reinstatement and the first two trials following reinstatement for the sham stimulation (blue) and tVNS condition (red) in the fear learning group (a: left) and in the control group (b: right) Error bars represent SEM. TVNS-paired extinction did not affect the reinstatement of fear responses 24 hours later in neither group. Lower Panel (c and d): Blink magnitudes (standardized T-scores) elicited by the last two probes presented during the CS or the ITI prior to reinstatement for the sham stimulation (blue shaded) and the tVNS condition (red shaded) in the fear learning group (c: left) and the control group (d: right). Again, error bars represent SEM. TVNS-paired extinction resulted in a prevention of behavioral reinstatement of fear, as fear potentiated startle responses were only re-instated in the sham condition of the fear learning group, but not in the tVNS condition (see c). Reinstatement of fear was not modulated by tVNS in the control group (see d).