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. 2020 Jan 30;11:622. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14425-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The expected effects of Nano-sapper synergized with immune-checkpoint inhibitor. Nano-sapper specifically modulate the TME of PDAC, which involves the reduced physical barrier (attenuated stroma and normalized vessels) and the release of chemoattractants recruiting lymphocytes (CCL21 and CXCL13). Once the TME have been reprogrammed by Nano-sapper, a variety of adaptive immune cells migrate to the PDAC and enhance the anti-tumor effects of α-PD-1.