Table 2.

Bivariate analysis of risk factors associated with not receiving medical care among cancer survivors aged 18–64 years

Bivariatea
Characteristic	RR [95% CI]	p value
Conceptually driven approach
Financial hardshipb		< 0.001
No	Ref.
Yes	3.29 [2.60–4.18]*
Age, years		0.331
18–39	1.04 [0.78–1.37]
40–54	1.17 [0.94–1.44]
55–64	Ref.
Marital status/sex		0.005
Non-married male	1.23 [0.83–1.80]
Married male	Ref.
Non-married female	1.65 [1.26–2.17]*
Married female	1.34 [1.04–1.71]***
Race/ethnicity		0.204
Non-Hispanic White	Ref.
Otherc	1.19 [0.91–1.57]
Annual income		< 0.001
≥ $120,000	Ref.
$80,001–119,999	1.25 [0.91–1.73]
$40,001–80,000	1.75 [1.31–2.32]*
≤ $40,000	2.48 [1.87–3.28]*
Missing/decline to answer	1.27 [0.89–1.81]
Education		0.062
Bachelor’s degree or higher	Ref.
Some college	1.26 [1.03–1.54]***
High school graduate or less	1.26 [0.90–1.76]
Insurance		<0.001
Private	Ref.
Government	2.05 [1.54–2.73]*
Uninsured/other	2.46 [1.89–3.20]*
Changes to employment		0.015
Employed/work changes	1.44 [1.10–1.90]***
Employed/no work changes	Ref.
Not employed	1.28 [1.04–1.58]***
Caregiver		0.018
Yes	Ref.
No	1.39 [1.06–1.81]***
Number of cancer diagnoses		0.001
1	Ref.
≥ 2	1.41 [1.15–1.72]**
Time since last treatment		0.232
1 year	Ref.
> 1–5 years	1.01 [0.80–1.27]
≥ 5 years	1.03 [0.80–1.32]
Never treated/missing	1.72 [1.03–2.87]***
Data-driven approachd
Financial hardship/debt incurred		<0.001
No	Ref.
Yes debt < $10,000	2.21 [1.70–2.73]*
Yes debt ≥ 10,000	4.32 [3.52–5.31]*
Receive help understanding bills		<0.001
Yes	Ref.
No	3.28 [2.59–5.62]*

CI confidence interval, cont’d continued, RR risk ratio, Ref. referent category

^*p < 0.001

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.05

^aEstimates presented are based on bivariate logistic regression analyses

^bComponents of financial hardship included Borrowed money, Filed for bankruptcy, Unable to cover costs of care, Other financial sacrifices

^cOther category includes non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native, non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander, Other non-Hispanic

^dOnly those variables found to statistically significantly improve model fit in the data-driven approach are presented. p value shown represents results of F test for variables with more than two categories. Sex and marital status were combined in our analysis (male/married, male/not married, female/married, female/not married) based on our prior work, in which this combination was found to be a valid way to assess these variables among cancer survivors under age 65 years given that each stratum has been shown to have different distributions of financial burden