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Simplified model depicting the cellular components that are affected, at least transiently, by AuNCs. AuNCs in this study were surface-modified with GSH (Au-SG) or PEGylated (Au-PEG). Lysosomes with more acidic pH (light green) are perinuclear, whereas peripheral lysosomes are less acidic (dark green). AuNCs stimulate the transient nuclear accumulation of transcription factors TFEB and Nrf2. PEGylated AuNCs may increase protein aggregation. See text for details.
