(A) Representative immunohistochemical microscopic images of gastrocnemius muscle collected from the ischemic hindlimb prior to (control), and at three, seven, and 14 days after ligation. Tissue samples were stained with primary antibodies against hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α, left) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, or PECAM (CD31, right). (B) Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical microscopic images. Values were expressed as % area of positively stained tissue (HIF-1α shown in black, CD31 shown with diagonal lines). Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) in measured HIF-1α expression relative to the pre-ligation state, while number signs (#) indicate significant differences in CD31 activity.