Table 1.

Effect of ketone supplements on blood βHB and glucose levels on the 7th day of gavage

	Blood βHB level
Treatments (2.5 g/kg/day; Fig. 1a)	Baseline	7th treatment day
	mmol/l (mean ± S.E.M.)	mmol/l (mean ± S.E.M.)	Compared to baseline (significance level/q-value)	Compared to control (significance level/q-value)
SD (control; group 1)	0.80 ± 0.037	0.86 ± 0.018	−/0.945	–
KE (group 2)	0.79 ± 0.029	1.76 ± 0.087	****/14.550	****/13.610
KS (group 3)	0.83 ± 0.031	1.25 ± 0.033	***/6.805	**/5.860
KSMCT (group 4)	0.81 ± 0.023	1.33 ± 0.049	****/7.939	***/6.994
KEKS (group 5)	0.83 ± 0.041	1.55 ± 0.073	****/11.340	****/10.400
KEMCT (group 6)	0.80 ± 0.033	2.14 ± 0.172	****/20.230	****/19.280
	Blood glucose level
Treatments (2.5 g/kg/day; Fig. 1b)	Baseline	7th treatment day
	mg/dl (mean ± S.E.M.)	mg/dl (mean ± S.E.M.)	Compared to baseline (significance level/q-value)	Compared to control (significance level/q-value)
SD (control; group 1)	89.00 ± 1.937	95.38 ± 2.672	−/1.764	–
KE (group 2)	91.50 ± 2.284	97.63 ± 4.342	−/2.386	−/0.623
KS (group 3)	88.38 ± 1.772	100.13 ± 5.482	−/3.078	−/1.314
KSMCT (group 4)	83.63 ± 3.600	97.00 ± 5.745	−/2.213	−/0.449
KEKS (group 5)	86.38 ± 2.398	92.13 ± 3.388	−/0.865	−/0.899
KEMCT (group 6)	85.00 ± 2.659	80.88 ± 4.286	−/2.248	−/4.011

Abbreviations: KE, ketone ester; KEKS, mix of KE and KS in a 1:1 ratio; KEMCT, mix of KE and medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil in a 1:1 ratio; KS, ketone salt; KSMCT, mix of KS and MCT oil in a 1:1 ratio; SD, standard diet/control; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001