Table 1.
GOLD stage, lung function, medical history, clinical and metabolic parameters of both groups of subjects at baseline and at follow-up
| No-COPD Baseline | No-COPD Follow-up | COPD Baseline | COPD Follow-up | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD 0 n. (%) | 37 (100) | 30 (82.1) | 0 | 0 |
| GOLD 1 n. (%) | 0 | 7 (18.9) | 17 (51.5)* | 12 (36.4)** |
| GOLD 2 n. (%) | 0 | 0 | 16 (49.5) | 11 (33.3)** |
| GOLD 3 n. (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 (24.2) |
| GOLD 4 n. (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (6.1) |
| FEV1 (L) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.3* | 1.4 ± 0.7*,** |
| FEV1 (% of predicted) | 109.5 ± 18.2 | 111.0 ± 18.3 | 71.5 ± 25.1* | 66.4 ± 26.4** |
| FEV1/FVC actual (%) | 76.4 ± 4.3 | 73.9 ± 5.9 | 55.4 ± 12.1* | 51.3 ± 13.9* |
| FEV1/FVC (% of predicted) | 98.8 ± 8.9 | 97.3 ± 9.4 | 73.6 ± 16.3* | 68.9 ± 18.1* |
| Age (years) | 68.9 ± 6.6 | 72.2 ± 6.8 | 70.1 ± 7.7 | 73.5 ± 7.9 |
| Sex (M/F) | 27/10 | – | 24/9 | – |
| No-smokers n. (%) | 21 (56.8) | 21 (56.8) | 3 (9.1)* | 3 (9.1)* |
| Past-smokers n. (%) | 11 (29.7) | 14 (37.8) | 24 (72.7)* | 26 (78.8)* |
| Smokers n. (%) | 5 (13.5) | 2 (5.4)** | 6 (18.2) | 4 (12.1)* |
| Hypertension n. (%) | 25 (67.6) | – | 25 (83.3) | – |
| Type 2 Diabetes n. (%) | 4 (10.8) | – | 5 (16.6) | – |
| Dyslipidemia n. (%) | 32 (86.5) | – | 26 (86.6) | – |
| Antihypertensive drug use n. (%) | 21 (56.7) | 22 (59.4) | 23 (76.6) | 21 (70.0) |
| Antidiabetic drug use n. (%) | 1 (2.7) | 3 (8.1) | 4 (13.3) | 5 (16.6) |
| Statin use n. (%) | 12 (32.4) | 11 (29.7) | 13 (43.3) | 11 (33.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 3.7 | 26.5 ± 3.9 | 26.6 ± 3.9 | 26.9 ± 4.7 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137.8 ± 17.2 | 142.0 ± 15.0 | 133.1 ± 14.9 | 140.4 ± 16.2 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 84.4 ± 9.8 | 82.2 ± 7.7 | 82.4 ± 9,1 | 83.7 ± 7.5 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.0 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 0.8 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.9 |
Note: Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD; *p < 0.001 vs no-COPD baseline or follow-up; ** p < 0.01 vs baseline
Legend: GOLD Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1st second, FVC forced vital capacity, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure