Figure 2.

The unrolled modeling structure of the proposed CNN-RNN model. Input variables W_t, S_t, ${\overline{Y}}_t$, ${\widehat{\overline{Y}}}_t$, and M_t denote the weather, soil, average yield, predicted average yield, and management data at time step t, respectively, and k denotes the length of time dependencies. At the test phase, ${\overline{Y}}_{t-1}$ was used as an estimator for ${\widehat{\overline{Y}}}_t$ in this paper.