Figure 8. Schematic illustration of Ca²⁺-dependent vesicular glutamate release from Th17 cells, which is counterbalanced by blockade of K_V1.3 channels.

The schematic illustrates glutamate vesicle formation and release with its main players: external glutamine, glutaminase, the vesicular proton ATPase pump, the vesicular transport proteins VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, and the SNARE complex, as well as the initiation of an integrin/K_V1.3-mediated release pathway.