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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropharmacology. 2019 Aug 1;167:107735. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107735

Figure 2. Proof-of-concept trials of antiepileptogenic treatment and discovery of predictive biomarkers for therapy response.

Figure 2.

Treatments that have been demonstrated to have a disease-modifying effect on epileptogenesis in animal models of structural (blue dots) and genetic (brown dots) epilepsies are plotted according to their publication year [for references, see Pitkänen et al. (2014); Russo and Citraro (2018)]. Compounds include mostly small molecules and only a few biologicals (green text) have been tested, so far. Red arrow indicates the only therapy trial that applied predictive biomarkers to demonstrate treatment effect. Walker et al. (2017) showed that a decrease in total plasma HMBG1 levels predicted therapy response to anakinra+BoxA+ifenpodil polytherapy in a status epilepticus model of epileptogenesis in rat.