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. 2020 Jan 31;10:1557. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57994-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model showing the multiple factors contributing to the tunable dynamics of ataxin-1 NBs. Ataxin-1 can transit through three stages: diffuse nuclear protein, liquid droplet and then hydrogel, with multiple factors controlling these transitions. Initially, perturbations in ataxin-1 protein level or RNA/transcription, or by 1,6-hexanediol, can influence the transition from diffuse protein to dynamic liquid droplets that are visualized as distinct spherical ataxin-1 NB; fusion can result in larger NBs, but additional factors of time, altered RNA helicases by inhibitor RK-33 or siRNA, ATP depletion, or environmental stresses impact these ataxin-1 NBs to establish a less exchange dynamic and molecular fluctuation hydrogel state.