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. 2020 Jan 31;10:1578. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58460-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effects of mono-VPA and poly-VPA therapy on the pharmacokinetics of propofol. The graphs show the blood levels of propofol at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the administration of propofol (a) and the concentration of protein-unbound free propofol at 5 min after the administration of propofol. (b) There were no significant differences among the 3 groups. However, the protein-unbound free propofol level tended to be higher in the poly-VPA group. Mixed-effect analysis was employed for the analysis of propofol blood levels, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test were used to analyze the concentration of protein-unbound free propofol. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) values. Control: control group, Mono: mono-VPA group, Poly: poly-VPA group.