Enhanced activation of oxidative stress-related signaling pathways in ibrutinib-treated mice. (A–E) Representative western blots and quantification of anti-NOXA2/p67-phox (NOX2), anti-Cytochrome b245 Light Chain/p22-phox (p22-phox), NOX4, anti-xanthine oxidase (XO), and anti-transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in the atrial tissues of AF mice in the control group, ibrutinib group, and apocynin group with GAPDH as a loading control (n = 3 mice per group; one way ANOVA). Values are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Control group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. Ibrutinib group.