Table 4.
Clinical studies of the therapeutic value of the chia seeds.
| Aim of the Study | Clinical Setting | Study Description | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment of the effect of Salba-chia on body weight, visceral obesity and obesity-related risk factors in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. |
- Changes in body weight and in waist circumference, - body composition, - glycemic control, - level of C-reactive protein and obesity-related satiety hormones. |
- Two parallel groups with 77 over-weight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes were evaluated. | - Significant weight loss, - reduction in waist circumference and C-reactive protein - increase of plasma adiponectin. |
[66] |
| Comparison of the effect of two seeds (flax (Linum usitatissimum) and Salba-chia (Salvia hispanica L.)) on postprandial glycemia and satiety scores. | Blood glucose samples and satiety ratings were collected at fasting and over 2 h postprandially. | - Fifteen healthy participants - randomized to receive a 50 g glucose challenge, alone or supplemented with either 25 g ground Salba-chia or 31.5 g flax. |
- Salba-chia appears to have the ability to convert glucose into a slow-release carbohydrate - and affect satiety to a greater extent than flax (due to the higher fiber viscosity). |
[67] |
| Influence of Ingesting Chia Seed Oil on Human Running Performance | - A randomized (1:1 allocation, random number generator), - crossover approach, and - subjects engaged in two run-to-exhaustion trials after acute ingestion of flavored water with chia seed oil or flavored water alone (no blinding), with at least a two-week washout period. | - After providing a blood sample at 8:00 am, subjects ingested 0.5 L flavored water alone or 0.5 L water with 7 kcal kg−1 chia seed oil (random order), provided another blood sample at 8:30 am, and then started running to exhaustion. - Additional blood samples were collected immediately post- and 1 h post-exercise. |
- Ingestion ofchia seed oil 30 min before running caused an increase in plasma ALA levels, - no discernable benefits for the athletes in this study. |
[75] |
| Effect of chia supplementation (Salvia hispanica L.) on blood pressure (BP) and its associated cardiometabolic factors. | - Hypertensive individuals of both sexes, –randomized, double-blind, experimental and placebo-controlled study. |
- Nutritional assessment, -clinical BP measurement, - ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), - collection of blood samples. |
- The consumption of the chia or the placebo caused no gastrointestinal, hepatic or renal disorders, - decrease of the BP in hypertensive individuals. |
[68] |
| Effectiveness of milled and whole chia seed in altering disease risk factors in overweight, postmenopausal women. | - Metabolomics approach using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with multivariate statistical methods, - including principal component analysis and partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). |
- Subjects ingested 25 g chia seed or placebo supplements each day for 10 weeks, - body mass and composition, blood pressure and augmentation index, serum lipid profile, inflammation markers from fasting blood samples, plasma fatty acids, and metabolic profiling. |
Ingestion of 25 g/day milled chia seed compared to whole chia seed or placebo for 10 weeks by overweight women increased plasma ALA and EPA, but had no influence on inflammation or disease risk factors using both traditional and metabolomics-based measures. | [76] |
| Evaluation of the effects of a dietary pattern (DP; soy protein, nopal, chia seed, and oat) on the biochemical variables of MetS, the AUC for glucose and insulin, glucose intolerance (GI), the relationship of the presence of certain polymorphisms related to MetS, and the response to the DP. | A single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm study. | - In the first stage, participants were instructed to consume a reduced energy diet according to (23) and a low-saturated fat and low-cholesterol diet for 2 wk (5). - During the second stage of the study, participants were randomly assigned to consume either the dietary pattern (DP) or placebo (P) in addition to the reduced energy diet for 2 mo. |
- BW, BMI, and WC decreased, - no changes in the percentages of the lean or fat mass in either group after the dietary treatment. |
[77] |
| Assessment of Omega 3 chia seed loading as a means of Carbohydrate loading. | -CHO-loading treatments were based on the subject’s body weight and were thus isocaloric. | Comparison of the performance testing results between 2 different CHO-loading treatments | - No statistical difference between Omega 3 Chia loading and CHO loading. | [78] |