Table 3.
Smoking, alcohol use, physical activity level, and the quality of life of hardcore smokers among current male smokers aged 55–74 years old with histories of more than 30 pack-years of smoking
| Variable | All (N = 4,763,098) | Hardcore smoker (N = 1,576,339) | Non-hardcore smoker (N = 3,186,759) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking history | ||||
| Age at smoking initiation | ||||
| mean ± SD, years | 20.14 ± 0.15 | 19.91 ± 0.29 | 20.26 ± 0.18 | 0.3181 |
| age < 16 | 448,900 (9.42) | 96,125 (12.44) | 252,775 (7.93) | 0.1983 |
| 16–20 | 1,558,601 (32.72) | 473,733 (30.05) | 1,084,869 (34.04) | |
| 20–26 | 2,354,200 (49.43) | 793,997 (50.37) | 1,560,203 (48.96) | |
| ≥ 26 | 401,396 (8.43) | 112,484 (7.14) | 288,912 (9.07) | |
| Total amount of smoking (mean ± SD, PYs) | 45.94 ± 0.59 | 48.71 ± 1.06 | 44.57 ± 0.65 | 0.0008 |
| Second-hand smoke at workplace | 2,215,002 (59.65) | 783,208 (62.85) | 1,431,794 (58.03) | 0.2882 |
| Second-hand smoke at home | 534,864 (60.82) | 205,697 (57.65) | 329,167 (62.99) | 0.5190 |
| Education on smoking cessation | 295,023 (6.19) | 31,159 (1.98) | 263,864 (8.28) | 0.0012 |
| Alcohol use | 0.0250 | |||
| Never drinker | 603,562 (13.38) | 207,816 (13.94) | 395,745 (13.10) | |
| 0–1 time per week | 1,402,721 (31.09) | 383,625 (25.73) | 1,019,097 (33.74) | |
| 2–3 times per week | 1,154,395 (25.58) | 337,568 (22.64) | 816,827 (27.04) | |
| ≥ 4 times per week | 1,351,464 (29.95) | 562,243 (37.70) | 789,221 (26.13) | |
| Physical activity (days per week) | ||||
| Intense physical activity | <0.0001 | |||
| None | 3,455,345 (72.62) | 1,196,667 (76.15) | 2,258,677 (70.88) | |
| 1 day or more | 1,302,777 (27.38) | 374,696 (23.85) | 928,081 (29.12) | |
| Moderate physical activity | 0.0922 | |||
| None | 3,207,816 (67.46) | 1,124,207 (71.54) | 2,083,608 (65.44) | |
| 1 day or more | 1,547,407 (32.54) | 447,156 (28.46) | 1,100,251 (34.56) | |
| Walking | 0.4154 | |||
| None | 982,587 (20.63) | 354,400 (22.48) | 628,187 (19.71) | |
| 1 day or more | 3,780,510 (79.37) | 1,221,939 (77.52) | 2,558,571 (80.29) | |
| Muscle strengthening exercises | 0.0062 | |||
| None | 3,576,412 (75.13) | 1,288,433 (81.74) | 2,287,979 (71.86) | |
| 1 day or more | 1,183,787 (24.87) | 287,906 (18.26) | 895,881 (28.14) | |
| EQ-5D | ||||
| Mobility | 0.1598 | |||
| No problem | 3,593,648 (75.67) | 1,142,042 (72.58) | 2,451,606 (77.20) | |
| Problem | 1,155,661 (24.33) | 431,468 (27.42) | 724,193 (22.80) | |
| Self-care | 0.7847 | |||
| No problem | 4,394,378 (92.52) | 1,462,178 (92.92) | 2,932,200 (92.33) | |
| Problem | 354,932 (7.47) | 111,332 (7.08) | 243,600 (7.67) | |
| Usual activities | 0.1462 | |||
| No problem | 4,074,653 (85.79) | 1,309,170 (83.20) | 2,765,483 (87.08) | |
| Problem | 674,656 (14.21) | 264,340 (16.80) | 410,316 (12.92) | |
| Pain/discomfort | 0.7049 | |||
| No problem | 3,526,198 (74.25) | 1,153,523 (73.31) | 2,372,675 (74.71) | |
| Problem | 1,223,111 (25.75) | 419,987 (26.69) | 803,125 (25.29) | |
| Anxiety/depression | 0.4414 | |||
| No problem | 4,093,048 (86.18) | 1,332,971 (84.71) | 276,007 (86.91) | |
| Problem | 656,262 (13.82) | 240,539 (15.29) | 415,723 (13.09) | |
| Stress recognition | 0.0494 | |||
| Hardly or a little | 1,047,737 (22.00) | 303,937 (19.28) | 743,800 (23.34) | |
| Sufficiently | 2,563,226 (53.81) | 802,693 (50.92) | 1,760,533 (55.25) | |
| Extremely | 1,152,135 (24.19) | 469,710 (29.80) | 682,425 (21.41) | |
Data are presented as either means ± SD or as numbers and percentages, as appropriate. SD standard deviation; PY Pack-year; EQ-5D EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire