Table 4.

Odds of Receiving a Chronic Pain Diagnosis and Chronic Opioid Prescriptions among Individuals with Versus without Mental Illness

Mental Illness Diagnosis	Chronic Pain Diagnosisa	Opioid Prescriptionb
	Adjusted OR (CI)	Adjusted OR (CI)
Major Depressive Disorder	1.90 (1.85–1.95)*	2.59 (2.44–2.75)*
Bipolar Disorder	1.71 (1.66–1.77)*	2.12 (1.97–2.28)*
Schizophrenia	0.86 (0.82–0.90)*	1.00 (0.91–1.11)

^aModels adjusted for age, sex, race, income, medical comorbidities, and healthcare utilization

^bModels adjusted for age, sex, race, income, medical comorbidities, healthcare utilization and chronic pain diagnosis

*p < 0.001