Table 2.
Univariate associations between the prevalence of low back pain in the Ural Eye and Medical Study and other systemic parameters
| Parameter | P-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | 0.48 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 |
| Sex: Males / females | < 0.001 | 1.61 | 1.44, 1.79 |
| Urban / rural region of habitation | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.81, 1.01 |
| Family status: Married versus any other status | 0.25 | 0.93 | 0.82, 1.05 |
| Family type: Joint (three generations) / nuclear (two generations) / single / family of 2 people | 0.27 | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.08 |
| Ethnicity: Russian / any other ethnicity | 0.003 | 1.22 | 1.07, 1.39 |
| Body height (cm) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
| Body weight (kg) | 0.02 | 1.02 | 1.001, 1.008 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | 1.03 | 1.02, 1.04 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 1.004, 1.012 |
| Hip circumference cm) | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.02 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | < 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.17, 0.55 |
| Socioeconomic parameters | |||
| Level of education (0–7)a | 0.22 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.05 |
| Monthly income (below poverty line / average / above average / high) | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.79, 0.99 |
| Own ownership of house (yes / no) | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.75, 1.29 |
| Own ownership of refrigerator (yes / no) | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.09, 1.12 |
| Own ownership of second house (yes / no) | 0.17 | 1.13 | 0.95, 1.36 |
| Own ownership of telephone (yes / no) | 0.57 | 1.05 | 0.89, 1.23 |
| Own ownership of smartphone (yes / no) | 0.06 | 1.14 | 0.99, 1.31 |
| Own ownership of television set (yes / no) | 0.60 | 1.17 | 0.65, 2.12 |
| Own ownership of car (yes / no) | 0.19 | 1.11 | 0.95, 1.29 |
| Own ownership of two-wheeler (yes / no) | 0.35 | 0.95 | 0.85, 1.06 |
| Own ownership of tractor (yes / no) | 0.75 | 1.07 | 0.70, 1.64 |
| Own ownership of bullock cart (yes / no) | 0.35 | 1.25 | 0.78, 1.99 |
| Own ownership of computer / laptop (yes / no) | 0.29 | 1.08 | 0.93, 1.25 |
| Physical activity | |||
| How long is your usual workday? (minutes) | 0.20 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
| Does your work involve mostly sitting or standing with less than 10 min of walking at a time? (yes / no) | 0.28 | 0.93 | 0.82, 1.06 |
| Does your work involve physically vigorous activity (such as heavy lifting or digging) or physically moderate intensity activity (such as brisk walking or carrying light loads) (yes / no) | 0.03 | 0.88 | 0.78, 0.99 |
| How many days a week do you do such physically vigorous activity during work? (number of days) | 0.11 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 |
| On a usual day, how much time do you spend on such physically vigorous work during work? (minutes) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
| Does your work involve physically moderate-intensive activity, such as brisk walking or carrying light loads, for at least 10 min at a time? (yes / no) | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.88, 1.13 |
| On average, including all days of the week, how much time do you spend performing physically moderate to intensive activities as part of your work each day? (minutes) | 0.54 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
| In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderate activities as part of your work? (number of days) | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 |
| Do you walk or use a bicycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 min continuously to get to and from places? (yes / no) | 0.002 | 0.74 | 0.61, 0.99 |
| In a typical week, on how many days do you walk or use a bicycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 min continuously to get to and from places? (number of days) | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.92, 0.998 |
| How much time do you spend walking or bicycling for travel in a day? (minutes) | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
| Does your recreation, sport or leisure time involve mostly sitting, reclining or standing activities, with no physical activity lasting more than 10 min at a time? (yes / no) | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.14 |
| In your leisure time, do you do any physically vigorous activities such as running, strenuous sports or weightlifting for at least 10 min at a time? (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.65, 0.83 |
| If yes, in a typical week, on how many days do you do physically vigorous activities as part of your leisure time? (number of days) | 0.36 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.03 |
| How much time do you spend on physically vigorous activities as part of your leisure time on a typical day? (minutes) | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.999, 1.001 |
| In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderately intensive activities such as brisk walking, cycling or swimming for at least 10 min at a time in your leisure time? (number of days) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.92, 0.99 |
| In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderate to intensive activities as part of your leisure time? (number of days) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.92, 0.99 |
| How much time do you spend on physically moderate to intensive activities per day during a week in your leisure time? (minutes) | 0.003 | 0.999 | 0.999, 1.000 |
| Over the past 7 days, how much time did you spend sitting or reclining in a typical day? (minutes) | 0.007 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
| History of disease | |||
| History of angina pectoris (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.67 | 2.15, 3.29 |
| History of asthma (yes / no) | 0.008 | 1.61 | 1.13, 2.28 |
| History of arterial hypertension (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.38 | 1.24, 1.55 |
| History of arthritis (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.43 | 2.14, 2.77 |
| History of bone fracture (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.28 | 1.13, 1.43 |
| History of headache (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.73 | 2.44, 3.05 |
| History of cancer (yes / no) | 0.87 | 1.03 | 0.74, 1.42 |
| History of a cardiovascular disorder including stroke (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.65 | 1.46, 1.87 |
| History of dementia (yes / no) | 0.19 | 1.58 | 0.80, 3.11 |
| History of diabetes mellitus (yes / no) | 0.02 | 1.26 | 1.04, 1.54 |
| History of diarrhea (yes / no) | 0.003 | 4.94 | 1.71, 14.3 |
| History of iron-deficiency anemia (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.69 | 2.07, 3.51 |
| History of low blood pressure and hospital admittance (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.39, 2.64 |
| History of osteoarthritis (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.95 | 2.53, 3.44 |
| History of skin disease (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.72 | 1.34, 2.21 |
| History of thyroid disorder (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.59, 2.33 |
| History of falls (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.08 | 1.80, 2.40 |
| History of unconsciousness (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 2.37 | 1.91, 2.94 |
| Age at the last menstruation (years) (yes / no) | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.998 |
| Age at the last regular menstruation (years) (yes / no) | 0.01 | 1.98 | 0.96, 0.995 |
| History of menopause (yes / no) | 0.006 | 1.29 | 1.08, 1.56 |
| Blood concentrations (mmol/L) of: | |||
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 0.62 | 0.999 | 0.995, 1.003 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 0.47 | 0.998 | 0.993, 1.003 |
| Bilirubin, total (μmol/L) | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.996, 1.005 |
| High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.002 | 1.10 | 1.04, 1.17 |
| Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.92 | 1.002 | 0.958, 1.05 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.06 | 1.07 | 0.998, 1.16 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.01 | 1.04 | 1.01, 1.08 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.20 | 1.13 | 0.94, 1.36 |
| Rheumatoid factor (IU/mL) | 0.64 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.05 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm / hour) | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.998, 1.008 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.21 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.06 |
| Prevalence of diabetes mellitus | 0.03 | 1.21 | 1.02, 1.44 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.993, 0.998 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.03 |
| Residual nitrogen (g/L) | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.45, 1.94 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 0.44 | 1.00 | 0.995, 1.01 |
| International normalized ratio (INR) | 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.36, 0.76 |
| Blood coagulation time | 0.04 | 1.11 | 1.003, 1.23 |
| Prothrombin time (%) | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 1.01, 1.02 |
| Hemoglobin | 0.02 | 0.996 | 0.992, 0.999 |
| Erythrocytes (106 cells / μL) | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.72, 0.96 |
| Leukocytes (109 cells / L) | 0.19 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.01 |
| Rod-core granulocyte (% of leukocytes) | 0.51 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.06 |
| Segment nuclear granulocyte (% of leukocytes) | 0.61 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 |
| Eosinophil granulocytes (% of leukocytes) | 0.047 | 1.06 | 1.001, 1.13 |
| Lymphocytes (% of leukocytes) | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 |
| Monocytes (% of leukocytes) | 0.60 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.02 |
| Blood pressure, systolic (mmHg) | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.996, 1.002 |
| Blood pressure, diastolic (mmHg) | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0.999, 1.01 |
| Blood pressure, mean (mmHg) | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.995, 1.01 |
| Prevalence of arterial hypertension | 0.005 | 1.17 | 1.05, 1.30 |
| Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | < 0.001 | 1.58 | 1.27, 1.97 |
| Diet | |||
| Vegetarian diet / mixed diet | 0.33 | 2.35 | 0.43, 12.8 |
| Number of meals per day | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.07 |
| In a week how many days do you eat fruits? (number of days) | < 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.91, 0.96 |
| How many servings of fruit do you eat on one of those days (g) | 0.82 | 1.00 | 1.000, 1.001 |
| In a week how many days do you eat vegetables? | 0.82 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 |
| How many servings of vegetables do you eat on one of those days (g)? | 0.001 | 1.001 | 1.000, 1.001 |
| Type of oil used for cooking: vegetable oil / non-vegetable oil | 0.06 | 1.22 | 0.99, 1.55 |
| Foods containing whole grains (yes / no) | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.78, 1.01 |
| Salt consumed per day (g) | 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.94, 0.99 |
| Degree of processing meat (weak / medium / well done) | 0.70 | 1.02 | 0.92, 1.13 |
| Smoking | |||
| Do you currently smoke any tobacco products? (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 0.75 | 0.64, 0.88 |
| Do you smoke daily? (yes / no) | 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.64, 0.89 |
| Number of packages per year (package = 20 cigarettes) | 0.03 | 0.995 | 0.991, 1.000 |
| Alcohol | |||
| Do you consume alcohol such as beer, whisky, rum, gin brandy or other local products? (yes / no) | 0.003 | 0.83 | 0.73, 0.94 |
| How many alcoholic drinks do you have on a typical day when you are drinking? (number of drinks) | 0.001 | 0.999 | 0.998, 1.000 |
| How often do you have 6 or more drinks on one occasion? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.09 | 1.14 | 0.98, 1.33 |
| Hearing loss | |||
| Hearing loss total score | 0.002 | 1.01 | 1.003, 1.01 |
| Depression | |||
| Depression score | < 0.001 | 1.07 | 1.06, 1.09 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | |||
| Anxiety score | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.07, 1.10 |
| Dynamometry | |||
| Manual dynamometry, right hand (dekaNewtons) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
| Manual dynamometry, left hand (dekaNewtons) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
aThe level of education was categorized into the stages of “illiteracy” (no reading ability at all), “passing of the 5th class”, “passing of the 8th class”, “passing of the 10th class”, “passing of the 11th class”, “graduation”, and “post-graduation”