Figure 1.

Effects of alpha-mangostin on gene and protein expression of TNF-α. (A) Real-time PCR analysis shows that HF/HG/STZ-induced T2DM up-regulated the TNF-α mRNA, which was downregulated by the administration of alpha-mangostin in both doses and metformin. (B) ELISA analysis shows that HF/HG/STZ-induced T2DM upregulated the TNF-α protein expression, which was downregulated by the administration of alpha-mangostin in both doses and metformin. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=6), and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc analysis. Values are considered significantly different at p < 0.05. *p < 0.05 HF/HG/STZ vs control and control-treated with alpha-mangostin. **p < 0.05 HF/HG/STZ vs HF/HG/STZ + Metformin. ^#p < 0.05 HF/HG/STZ vs HF/HG/STZ + AM 100. ^##p < 0.05 HF/HG/STZ vs HF/HG/STZ + AM 200.