TABLE 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the overall sample as well as stratified by the presence of cognitive impairment and cardiometabolic conditions
| Cognitive Impairment | Cardiometabolic Conditions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 1,524) |
No (n = 1,369) |
Yes (n = 155) |
Pa | No (n = 538) |
Yes (n = 986) |
Pb | |
| Age, years | 48.9 (13.4) | 48.1 (13.3) | 59.3 (11.5) | <0.01 | 44.2 (14.4) | 54.8 (11.0) | <0.01 |
| Male, % | 46.6 | 45.6 | 58.8 | <0.01 | 40.6 | 54.1 | <0.01 |
| White, % | 91.5 | 92.3 | 82.4 | <0.01 | 93.4 | 89.2 | <0.01 |
| Education, years | 13.6 (2.8) | 13.8 (2.8) | 11.2 (2.2) | <0.01 | 14.0 (3.4) | 13.1 (2.4) | <0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6 (5.6) | 27.5 (5.6) | 28.5 (5.4) | 0.08 | 26.2 (6.0) | 29.4 (5.0) | <0.01 |
| Cardiometabolic conditions | |||||||
| Hypertension, % | 34.9 | 33.9 | 48.6 | <0.01 | 0.0 | 78.7 | |
| Diabetes, % | 13.7 | 12.5 | 29.3 | <0.01 | 0.0 | 31.0 | |
| Heart disease, % | 10.0 | 9.3 | 19.5 | <0.01 | 0.0 | 22.6 | |
| Stroke, % | 1.6 | 1.3 | 4.9 | <0.01 | 0.0 | 3.5 | |
| Smoker, % | 22.0 | 20.6 | 39.2 | <0.01 | 21.6 | 22.5 | 0.68 |
| Alcohol use, drinks/day | 1.1 (5.5) | 1.1 (5.8) | 0.5 (1.2) | <0.01 | 1.3 (8.9) | 0.9 (1.9) | 0.17 |
| Physical health problems, % | 53.6 | 54.3 | 48.8 | 0.05 | 52.2 | 55.4 | 0.21 |
| Mental health problems, % | 21.5 | 21.2 | 24.7 | 0.39 | 19.0 | 24.6 | <0.01 |
| Sleep Difficulty | |||||||
| Normal sleep, % | 69.4 | 69.1 | 73.8 | 0.46 | 72.1 | 66.0 | <0.01 |
| Poor sleep, % | 23.1 | 23.4 | 18.3 | 22.4 | 23.9 | ||
| Insomnia, % | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 5.5 | 10.1 | ||
| AHI, events/hour | 2.4 (7.5) | 2.1 (7.0) | 5.3 (10.7) | <0.01 | 1.2 (6.2) | 3.9 (8.0) | <0.01 |
| OSA, % | 10.8 | 10.1 | 19.7 | <0.01 | 6.2 | 16.6 | <0.01 |
| Objective sleep duration, hours | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.2) | <0.01 | 6.1 (1.4) | 5.6 (1.0) | <0.01 |
| < 6 hours, % | 44.8 | 42.1 | 78.2 | <0.01 | 36.0 | 55.8 | <0.01 |
| Total deaths, % | 33.0 | 30.0 | 60.0 | <0.01 | 16.7 | 41.9 | <0.01 |
| Follow-up Time, years | 19.1 (5.1) | 19.4 (4.8) | 15.0 (6.3) | <0.01 | 20.2 (4.5) | 17.8 (5.2) | <0.01 |
| Alive, years | 21.3 (2.2) | 21.2 (2.3) | 21.8 (1.8) | 0.05 | 21.1 (2.6) | 21.6 (1.8) | <0.01 |
| Deceased, years | 13.1 (5.4) | 13.7 (5.4) | 9.6 (4.4) | <0.01 | 14.2 (6.1) | 12.7 (5.2) | <0.01 |
Data are mean (standard deviation), unless otherwise stated. P a = p value for cognitive impairment. P b = p value for cardiometabolic conditions. AHI = apnea hypopnea index. BMI = body mass index. OSA = obstructive sleep apnea (i.e., AHI ≥ 5 events per hour of sleep).