Table 2.
Current Service Utilization (Within Drug Group & Recovery Cohort)
| 0–1 Years | 1–5 Years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (SE) | p | % (SE) | p | |||
| OPI | ALC | OPI | ALC | |||
| Any Mutual-Help Service (current) | 26.76 (18.04) | 16.06 (4.90) | NS | 12.76 (9.65) | 16.05 (3.50) | NS |
| Any Non-12-Step Service | 2.38 (2.48) | 2.88 (1.33) | NS | 1.08 (1.11) | 2.60 (1.44) | NS |
| Any 12-Step Service | 26.76 (18.04) | 14.60 (4.86) | NS | 12.76 (9.65) | 13.73 (3.28) | NS |
| Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) | 22.11 (18.34) | 14.60 (4.86) | NS | 11.43 (9.62) | 11.22 (2.61) | NS |
| Narcotics Anonymous (NA) | 26.76 (18.04) | 1.66 (0.97) | ** | 12.76 (9.65) | 1.17 (0.61) | ** |
| Other 12-Step Services (MA, CA, or CMA) | 0 (0) | 0.54 (0.54) | — | 10.35 (9.62) | 2.53 (2.22) | NS |
| Any Pharmacotherapy (current) | 14.45 (8.40) | 4.42 (2.22) | NS | 20.12 (10.48) | 5.07 (2.02) | * |
| Methadone | 2.09 (2.18) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 1.00 (0.99) | — |
| Levomethadyl acetate (Orlaam) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 2.24 (2.20) | — |
| Buprenorphine-naloxone (Suboxone) | 12.36 (7.92) | 1.74 (1.73) | NS | 8.77 (5.44) | 0 (0) | — |
| Buprenorphine (Subutex) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0.32 (0.32) | — |
| Oral Naltrexone (Revia) | 0 (0) | 0.87 (0.62) | — | 0 (0) | 0.18 (0.13) | — |
| Long-acting injectable naltrexone (Vivitrol) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 1.33 (1.32) | — |
| Acamprosate (Campral) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Nalmefene (Selincro) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 10.35 (9.62) | 2.24 (2.20) | NS |
| Topiramate (Topamax) | 0 (0) | 0.96 (0.96) | — | 1.00 (1.03) | 0 (0) | — |
| Disulfiram (Antabuse) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Baclofen (Lioresal) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Other Pharmacotherapy | 0 (0) | 0.85 (0.85) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
OPI=individuals who resolved a primary opioid problem; ALC=individuals who resolved a primary alcohol problem; MA=Marijuana Anonymous; CA=Cocaine Anonymous; CMA=Crystal Methamphetamine Anonymous; Values depict the distribution of individuals reporting mutual help service use in the past 90 days and current ongoing pharmacotherapy; Significant difference between OPI and ALC, within recovery cohort:
*
P≤0.05,
**
P≤0.01;
NS=not significant; ‘—’=significance testing not applicable; see text for more detail.