Table 3.
Lifetime Service Utilization (Within Drug Group & Recovery Cohort)
| 0–1 Years | 1–5 Years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (SE) | p | % (SE) | p | |||
| OPI | ALC | OPI | ALC | |||
| Any Formal Treatment | 26.53 (11.84) | 17.78 (4.45) | NS | 57.90 (12.39) | 23.72 (4.08) | ** |
| Inpatient / Residential | 11.72 (6.57) | 11.44 (3.95) | NS | 37.83 (12.96) | 13.39 (3.22) | * |
| Outpatient | 25.69 (11.66) | 11.90 (3.24) | NS | 35.59 (13.17) | 12.68 (2.65) | * |
| Detoxification | 13.40 (7.73) | 10.53 (3.82) | NS | 18.54 (11.16) | 8.52 (2.84) | NS |
| Any Mutual-Help Service | 40.19 (17.82) | 39.54 (6.18) | NS | 72.70 (9.98) | 38.62 (4.61) | ** |
| Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) | 37.93 (17.85) | 36.91 (6.15) | NS | 36.99 (12.55) | 31.60 (4.17) | NS |
| Narcotics Anonymous (NA) | 40.19 (17.82) | 6.38 (2.47) | ** | 57.79 (12.48) | 8.96 (2.41) | ** |
| Other 12-Step Services (MA, CA, or CMA) | 0 (0) | 2.64 (1.84) | — | 10.35 (9.62) | 3.32 (2.27) | NS |
| SMART Recovery | 2.38 (2.48) | 0.55 (0.55) | NS | 0 (0) | 3.39 (1.66) | — |
| LifeRing Secular Recovery | 0.84 (0.88) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0.14 (0.14) | — |
| Moderation Management | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Celebrate Recovery | 0 (0) | 1.53 (1.03) | — | 1.00 (1.03) | 2.30 (1.11) | NS |
| Women for Sobriety | 0 (0) | 0.60 (0.60) | — | 1.08 (1.11) | 4.16 (2.31) | NS |
| Secular Organizations for Sobriety | 0 (0) | 1.45 (1.04) | — | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Other Mutual-Help Service | 0 (0) | 2.92 (1.41) | — | 1.08 (1.11) | 2.69 (1.03) | NS |
| Any Recovery Service | 30.20 (17.87) | 26.66 (5.94) | NS | 47.08 (13.18) | 23.26 (4.29) | * |
| Sober living environment | 0 (0) | 12.16 (4.94) | — | 16.71 (10.93) | 8.67 (3.12) | NS |
| Recovery High Schools | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 5.44 (2.75) | — |
| College Recovery Programs/Communities | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 4.00 (3.98) | 5.18 (2.58) | NS |
| Recovery Community Centers | 27.23 (17.99) | 9.70 (3.98) | NS | 23.15 (12.98) | 4.51 (1.73) | ** |
| Faith-Based Recovery Services | 3.62 (3.21) | 10.63 (4.03) | NS | 12.57 (9.68) | 8.60 (2.82) | NS |
| State or Local Recovery Community Organization | 0 (0) | 4.98 (2.32) | — | 24.44 (13.47) | 1.83 (1.00) | ** |
| Any Pharmacotherapy | 25.75 (13.00) | 11.13 (3.49) | NS | 41.64 (12.95) | 10.49 (3.10) | ** |
| Methadone | 2.09 (2.18) | 0 (0) | — | 3.61 (3.61) | 1.00 (0.99) | NS |
| Levomethadyl acetate (Orlaam) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 2.89 (2.29) | — |
| Buprenorphine-naloxone (Suboxone) | 15.29 (8.56) | 1.74 (1.73) | * | 26.67 (11.52) | 1.65 (1.36) | ** |
| Buprenorphine (Subutex) | 14.45 (8.40) | 1.74 (1.73) | * | 3.09 (3.10) | 0.75 (0.54) | NS |
| Oral Naltrexone (Revia) | 12.85 (10.35) | 3.26 (1.50) | NS | 11.36 (9.62) | 1.15 (0.67) | ** |
| Long-acting injectable naltrexone (Vivitrol) | 10.47 (10.05) | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0) | 1.33 (1.32) | — |
| Acamprosate (Campral) | 2.38 (2.48) | 0.55 (0.55) | NS | 0 (0) | 0.97 (0.67) | — |
| Nalmefene (Selincro) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 10.35 (9.62) | 2.89 (2.28) | NS |
| Topiramate (Topamax) | 0 (0) | 0.96 (0.96) | — | 1.00 (1.03) | 0 (0) | — |
| Disulfiram (Antabuse) | 0 (0) | 3.73 (1.62) | — | 10.35 (9.62) | 2.53 (1.05) | NS |
| Baclofen (Lioresal) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 10.35 (9.62) | 0 (0) | — |
| Other Pharmacotherapy | 2.38 (2.48) | 3.11 (2.37) | NS | 0 (0) | 1.16 (0.99) | — |
OPI=individuals who resolved a primary opioid problem; ALC=individuals who resolved a primary alcohol problem; Values depict the distribution of specific treatment and recovery services used across the lifetime. Percentages were calculated for each drug-group, within recovery-duration cohort; Significant difference between OPI and ALC, within recovery cohort:
*
P≤0.05,
**
P≤0.01;
NS=not significant; ‘—’=significance testing not applicable; see text for more detail.