Table 4.
In vivo studies reporting the effect of different Prosopis across the globe.
| Species | Model | Plant Part | Formulation/Dosage | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antidiabetic | |||||
| P. cineraria | STZ-induced diabetic rats | Stem bark | Chloroform fraction of species was orally administrated to STZ-induced diabetic rats at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.w for 21 days | Significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels and body weight, liver glycogen content and serum insulin level restoration, in a concentration-dependent manner. Decrease in serum lipid profile markers and elevation in HDL after administration, also evidencing protective effects in diabetes-associated complications | [69] |
| P. cineraria | Hyperlipidemic rats | Fruits | Extract was obtained by pulverizing whole dried fruits and extracting with 70% ethanol. | Decrease in serum cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and LDL levels. At 400 and 600 mg/kg, the extract significantly reduced serum cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL and atherogenic index and these results are almost equivalent to those of drug simvastatin | [70] |
| P. cineraria | Male Swiss albino mice | Bark | Dried material was powdered followed by Soxhlet extraction with 50% aqueous ethanol and concentrated. Oven dried material was suspended in 20% tween 20 in normal saline for further experimentation. | Reduced blood glucose level, enhanced hepatic glycogen content and maintained body weight and lipid-profile attributes towards near normal range. Reduced antioxidant enzymes activity and concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants, thereby decreasing the oxidative damage in the tissues of diabetic animals and hence indicating the anti-diabetic and antioxidant efficacy of the extract | [71] |
| P. cineraria | Hyperlipidemic rabbits | Bark | Rabbits were orally supplemented with high fat diet and cholesterol powder (500 mg/Kg body weight per day in 5 mL of coconut oil orally for 15 days) to create a hypolipidemic model. | Decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, VLDL and also ischemic indices (TC/LDL and LDL/HDL). The Prevented the atherogenic changes in aorta. Toxicity profile parameters remained under normal ranges | [72] |
| P. glandulosa | Male Wistar rats (type 1 diabetic model) | Half of each group of animals was placed on treatment (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks and the remaining animals served as age-matched controls. | Enhanced insulin levels, with a significant decrease in blood glucose levels. Increased small β-cells level in pancreas. Reduced fasting glucose levels and improved IPGTT. Increased and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by cardiomyocytes | [73] | |
| P. ruscifolia | Alloxan-induced diabetic rats | Aerial part | Different animal groups were administered with a single dose of water, extract (100 mg/Kg), tolbutamide (100 mg/Kg, p.o.) or insulin (5 IU/kg, i.p.). Normoglycemic rats were also treated with hydroalcoholic extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.). | No evidence of acute toxicity. Blood glucose levels were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased with a single oral dose (100 mg/Kg) after 24 h. Blood glucose levels decreased significantly with administration of plant extract during 28 days | [74] |
| Neuroprotective | |||||
| P. farcta | Male Wistar rats | Pod | Aqueous extract of P. farcta injections (25, 50, 75 mg/kg, ip, 2 time) and (compression + ethanol extract of P. farcta injections (25, 50, 75 mg/kg, i.p., 2 time) (N = 8). | Comparative assessment of neuronal density of compression and control groups exhibited marked variations. A meaning full variation was recorded between compression and all treatment groups | [75] |
| Wound healing | |||||
| P. cineraria | Rats using excision and incision wound model | Ethyl acetate, chloroform and butanol fractions of species hydroethanolic extract were assessed for their antioxidant activity using in vitro method | Butanol fraction found most active fraction against free radicals among all. Butanol fractions possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities. Application of butanol fraction ointment for 16 consecutive days on the dorsal wound area of rats confirmed the faster wound repairing process, higher hydroxyproline content, reduction in epithelialization period and inflammatory markers in blood as compared to control group | [76] | |
| P. cineraria | Male albino wistar rats | Leaves | Wound excised rats administered with ethanolic extract for 13 days period. | Decrease in wound area as compared to control | [77] |
| Antipyretic | |||||
| P. cineraria | Brewer’s-yeast induced pyrexia in albino rat | Leaves and fruits | At a dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg of body weight was investigated. | Reduced hyperpyrexia to a significant level as compared to standard control. Lowered the rectal temperature of rats than fruits extract at 200 mg/kg while at dose of 300 mg/kg both leaves and fruit extract significantly decrease pyrexia. | [78] |
| P. juliflora | Male rats | Twenty-four male rats were randomly allotted to four groups (6 animals per group) and food was deprived off for 48 h water provided but before 24 h of experiment, water also withheld. Group 1 was treated with water for injection (100 mL/kg). Group 2 treated with Paracetamol (150 mg/kg p.o dissolved in water for injection). Group 3 and 4 were treated with ethanol extract of P. juliflora (250 and 300 mg/kg p.o respectively). Temperature maintained at ± 3 °C, for 0 to 4 h of interval at the dose of 250 mg/kg | Decreased the rectal temperature at 3 h and at dose 500 mg/kg. Reduced the rectal temperature at 2, 3 and 4 h in comparison with vehicle control. | [79] | |
| Spasmolytic, bronchodilator, and vasodilator activities | |||||
| P. cineraria | In vivo method | Stem bark | The extract at 3–10 mg/mL doses | The extract caused relaxation of the spontaneous as well as K+ (80 mM)-stimulated contractions at tissue bath concentrations of 3–10 mg/mL in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations. Extract displayed nonspecific relaxant effect on carbachol (1 μM)- and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations. | [80] |
| Depression and CNS disorder | |||||
| P. cineraria | Mice | Leaf | Antidepressant effect was evaluated using Forced swim test (FST). The immobility periods of control and treated mice were recorded. | Leaf extract (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in FST. The efficacy of tested extract was comparable to that of imipramine | [81] |
| Cardiovascular disorder | |||||
| P. farcta | Rabbit | Root | The study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extract of P. farcta root on experimental atherosclerosis development in rabbits with high cholesterol diet–induced hypercholesterolemia. | Serum lipid parameters were significantly increased in the high cholesterol diet groups in comparison with the normal control group. Treatment with P. farcta root decreased total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels compared to high cholesterol diet rabbits | [82] |
| P. farcta | Rabbits | Root | High cholesterol diet–induced NAFLD in rabbits as experimental model. Male rabbits randomly divided into 4 groups namely, control (fed by standard pellet) and other groups were received 2% cholesterol amounts daily. Rabbits were fed with high cholesterol diet till the serum cholesterol level reached 1800 mg/dl, then, they were treated daily with distilled water, and 0.6 mg/kg Simvastatin, or 500 mg/kg/day P. farcta root extracts orally by gavage for 30 days. | Serum lipid parameters and enzymes were significantly enhanced in the high cholesterol diet groups in comparison with the normal control group. Histopathological findings revealed that large lipid vacuoles were formed in hepatocytes. Treatment with P. farcta root significantly improved rabbit lipid profile and reduced liver injury. | [83] |
| P. farcta | Wistar albino rats | Beans | Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats weighing 220 ± 30 g were distributed into six groups. Two groups were pretreated with extract (50 and 75 mg/kg) for 7 days before administration of acetaminophen (600 mg/kg). Two were given acetaminophen or extract (50 and 75 mg/kg) alone, and the control received normal saline. | Extract at both doses significantly attenuated total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels to near normal | [84] |
| P. farcta | Rat’s thoracic aorta | In vivo method | P. farcta plant extract was firstly prepared. Then 2 cm of rat’s thoracic aorta was dissected and was divided into 4 pieces of 5 mm. After contraction of these pieces by phenylephrine (1 μm), different dosages of plant extraction (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL) were examined and the effect of plant extract on rat’s aorta with and without endothelium layer was measured. Different dosages of P. farcta extract (1 and 2 mg/mL) at the presence and absence of L- NAME (a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor) was examined. | P. farcta extract showed a dose-dependent relaxing effect on contracted aorta. The relaxing effect of plant extract on aorta with endothelium was more significant than that on aorta without endothelium in the different dosages. The relaxing effect of plant extract in the presence of L- NAME was decreased significantly. The relaxing effect of plant extract was more than that by acetylcholine. | [85] |
| Inflammation and regeneration | |||||
| P. glandulosa | Gastrocnemius muscle of rats | The gastrocnemius muscle of rats was subjected to mass-drop injury and muscle samples collected after 1-, 3 h, 1- and 7 days post-injury. Rats were treated with P. glandulosa (100 mg/kg/day) either for 8 weeks prior to injury (up until day 7 post-injury), only post-injury, or with topically applied diclofenac post-injury (0.57 mg/kg). | Chronic P. glandulosa and diclofenac treatment was associated with neutrophil response suppression to contusion injury, however only chronic P. glandulosa treatment facilitated more effective muscle recovery, while diclofenac treatment had inhibitory effects on repair, despite effective inhibition of neutrophil response. | [86] | |
| Skin caring and antiaging | |||||
| P. cineraria | Stem, leaves, and bark | Performance of 2% bark extract loaded emulsion formulation was determined by using non-invasive probe cutometer and elastometer with comparison to base formulation | Bark extract did not induce any toxicity or apoptosis, when incubated with HaCat cells. Moreover, the formulation (size 3 μm) decreased the skin melanin, erythema and sebum contents up to 2.1-,2.7-and 79%, while increased the skin hydration and elasticity up to 2-folds and 22% as compared to the base, respectively. Owing to enhanced therapeutic effects the phytocosmetic formulation proved to be a potential skin whitening, moisturizer, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle, anti-aging therapy and could actively induce skin rejuvenation and resurfacing | [87] | |
| Antimalarial | |||||
| P. juliflora | Murine model | Leaves and pods | Alkaloid-enriched extracts from (BCE) of P. juliflora, as well as FACB pure constituents (as formate salts), were obtained and assayed against Plasmodium berghei NK65 infection in mice via oral supplementation. | Alkaloid-enriched extracts from leaves and pods showed remarkable antimalarial activity with little parasitemia inhibition at the 2 mg/kg dose. Julifloridine was weakly active, but juliprosopine caused a parasitemia inhibition at the 2 mg/kg dose similar to that recorded for chloroquine at 50 mg/kg | [88] |
| Anti-trypanosomal properties | |||||
| P. africana | In vivo method | Leaves, stem bark and roots | petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts, obtained by cold extraction from the | Only the methanolic extract of leaves displayed promising anti-trypanosomal effect at 200 mg/kg dose | [59] |
| Antinociceptive | |||||
| P. strombulifera | Formalin-induced pain test in mice | Fruits | Fruit extract at varying concentrations in different solvent system | Chloroform (300 mg/kg), in contrast to ethanol and ethyl acetate extract, caused significant inhibition of the in vivo nociceptive response. Moreover, chloroform (100–1000 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test with inhibition values (at 600 mg/kg) of 42 ± 7 and 62 ± 7%, respectively. Antinociception was significantly attenuated by i.p. treatment of mice with l-arginine (600 mg/kg) | [61] |
IPGTT, Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; LDL, low density lipoprotein; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; STZ, Streptozotocin; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.