Table 2.

Various effects of AGEs on different organs and their specific proteins or diseases

Organ/Disease	Binds to	Effects
Brain	Amyloid protein	Increases β-amyloid plaques [58], resulting in dementia [59,60] or severity in schizophrenia [61]
Skin	Articular collagen, skeletal and smooth vascular muscles, glomerular basement membrane	Reduces flexibility, alterations of co-functions, such as migration, differentiation, and proliferation [62,63]
Kidney	Bowman’s capsule	Accumulation of uremic toxins [64], the appearance of complications, such as poly-nephropathy [8], chronic renal failure [65]
Eyes	Opsin	Macular degeneration of the retina [66,67]
Heart	Vessels	Progression of coronary heart disease or myocardial damage [68]
Photoaging	Fibroblasts/keratinocytes Superoxide dismutase	Cells become more sensitive to exposure to UVA radiations and their viability decreases, impairing repair mechanism [62,69]. Compromise cellular antioxidant defense system [69]
Joints, lungs, heart, skin, blood or combination of these, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	White blood cells	Inflammation in mentioned organs attacking own cells, face rashes, flare, sensitivity to light, swelling, etc. [7,69,70,71]
Diabetes	Low-density lipoprotein	During chronic hyperglycemia, promotes the initiation of lipid peroxidation in vivo [3,62,72] Macro and microvascular complications of diabetes [73,74,75,76,77]