Table 2.

Regulation of insulin by NLRP3 in the progression of diabetes mellitus.

Subjects	Model	Regulatory Mechanism	Functional Consequences	Reference
Betaine	Hep 2 cells, db/db mice	Decreased the production of IL-1β via interactions with FOXO1 and TXNIP and inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome	Inhibition of RS-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetic livers	[96]
Mangiferin	Perivascular adipose tissue	Increased LKB1-dependent AMPK activity; inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation; reduced the secretion of IL-1β	Prevention of endothelial insulin resistance	[97]
Berberine	ob/ob mice	Activation of AMPK-dependent autophagy in adipose tissue-resident macrophages	Alleviation of insulin resistance	[98]
MUFA	Mice; Bone marrow-derived cells	Decreased the formation of pro-IL-1β, reduced the secretion of IL-1β and maintained the activation of adipose AMPK	Improved insulin resistance mediated by IL-1β and adipose dysfunction	[99]
SFA	Mice; BMDC;	Improved the expression of IL-1R1, TLR4, and caspase-1 and increased the secretion of IL-1β	Decreased insulin levels in adipose	[89]
WMW	HepG2 cells	Regulated the downstream insulin signaling pathway via reduced IR and IRS-1; decreased IL-1β and NFκB	Alleviation of insulin resistance	[100]
CBX	Mice	Suppressed the IκB-α/NF-κB pathway and inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome	Alleviation of insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscle	[101]
Silymarin	Hnf-1α- knockout mice	Reduced expression of IL-1β mediated by HG and inflammasome	Alleviation of insulin resistance	[102]

RS: reactive species; MUFA: Monounsaturated Fatty Acid; SFA: saturated fatty acids; BMDC: bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; WMW: Wu-Mei-Wan, a Chinese herbal formula; IR: insulin receptor; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1; CBX: Carbenoxolone; HG: high glucose.