Figure 5.

The effect of high glucose and tryptophanol or halofuginone on hexosamine pathway. Mesothelial cells were cultured under normal or high-glucose conditions, with or without halofuginone or tryptophanol. Hexosamine pathway was assessed by the level of O-GlcNAc-proteins with Western blotting. Nine experiments were performed for each GCN-2 kinase activator; three of them are depicted in panels (A) and (C). High glucose upregulated the level of O-GlcNAc-proteins (B,D), whereas both halofuginone (B) and tryptophanol (D) restored the O-GlcNAc-proteins level to that observed under normal glucose. *, #, +, and ^ indicate p < 0.05 compared to first, second, third, or fourth depicted conditions. Error bars correspond to standard error of means. The number inside each bar corresponds to the mean fold-change compared to the control.