. 2019 Dec 6;9(12):835. doi: 10.3390/biom9120835

Table 2.

Chemical structure and description of anticonvulsant activity in nonclinical models of essential oil constituents.

Compounds	Experimental Protocol	Anticonvulsant Activity and/or Mechanism	Animal Tests and/or Cell Line Reference	Reference
alpha-asarone	PTZ induced seizure test Maximal electroshock test Pilocarpine-induced seizures test	Decreased the occurrence of tonic hind limb extension. Reduced the hind limb extensor phase of convulsion Increased latency to seizure	Male Swiss mice and male Wistar rats	[116]
	Electrophysiological recording PTZ- and Kainate- induced seizure test	Enhanced tonic GABAergic inhibition Prolonged latency to clonic and tonic seizures	Rat hippocampal neurons and Male C57BL-6 mice	[117]
	Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model	Reduced learning and memory deficit Attenuated brain inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB activation pathway in microglia	Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats Microglia cell culture	[119]
	Nicotine-induced seizure test	Prolonged onset time to seizure, but not prevented the occurrence Did not interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors	Male ICR mice	[118]
	PTZ induced seizure test Neurochemical tests	Decreased the seizure intensity Reduced hippocampal nitrite level and striatal content of dopamine and norepinephrine	Male Swiss albino mice	[122]
(+)-ar-Turmerone	6-Hz psychomotor seizure mouse model PTZ infusion model	Displayed anticonvulsant properties Modulated the expression patterns of seizure-related genes	Male C57BI/6 mice Male NMRI mice AB adult zebra fish	[128]
β-Caryophyllene	Kainic acid induced seizure test	Decreased the seizure intensity Reduced oxidative stress Reduced expression of TNF-α and IL-1β	Mice	[136]
	PTZ induced seizure test	Increased latency to myoclonic jerks	Adult C57BL/6 mice of both genders	[143]
	Maximal electroshock test PTZ induced seizure test Kainate induced status epilepticus	Suppressed tonic-clonic seizures Decreased seizure scores Decreased lipid peroxidation	Male albino ICR mice	[144]
Borneol	PTZ-induced kindling model	Suppressed the process of epileptogenesis Reduced oxidative stress Prevented neuronal damage	Male Swiss albino mice	[158]
Carvacrol	6Hz psychomotor seizure test Maximal electroshock test PTZ induced seizure test Corneal kindling model Lithium-pilocarpine model	Prevented seizures in some tests.	Adult male CF No 1 albino mice	[173]
	Induction of SE Electrophysiological recording Immunohistochemistry Rewarded alternating T-maze test	Prevented memory deficits following SE Inhibited TRPM7 channels	Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats	[174]
	Lipopolysaccharide-PTZ induced seizure test	Prevented the proconvulsant effect of LPS Increased hippocampal level COX-2 but not COX-1	Adult male wistar rats	[175]
Carvacryl acetate	Pilocarpine- PTZ- Picrotoxin- induced seizure test Determination of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity Determination of d-ALA-D activity Evaluation of amino acids levels in mice hippocampus	Increased latency to first seizure Reduced percentage of seizures Improved Na^+, K⁺-ATPase and d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities Increased GABA levels	Male Swiss albino mice	[181]
Curcumol	Electrophysiological recording PTZ- and Kainate- induced seizure test	Suppressed epileptic activity Facilitated GABAergic inhibition	Male C57BL/6J mice	[186]
Curzerene	PTZ induced seizure test	Prolonged onset time to seizure and decreased the duration of seizure Effects on GABAergic and opioid systems	Mice	[90]
Epoxy-carvone	PTZ induced seizure test Maximal electroshock test Pilocarpine induced seizure test Strychnine Induced Seizure Test	Increased latency to seizure onset Prevented tonic seizures	Male Swiss albino mice	[196]
Epoxy-carvone	PTZ-induced kindling model	Decreased seizure scores Decreased proinflammatory Cytokines Showed neural protection	Male Swiss albino mice	[197]
Eugenol	Intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid	Increased seizure threshold Reduced granule cell dispersion Suppressed mTORC1 hippocampal activation	Male C57BL/6 mice	[205]
	Electrophysiological measurements Pilocarpine-induced epileptic seizures	Inhibited transient voltage-gated Na⁺ currents Reduced percentage of severe seizures	Neuronal cells (NG108-15) Adult Sprague–Dawley (SD) male rats	[206]
	Intracellular recording	Induced inhibitory and excitatory effects in a concentration-dependent manner	Neurons of land snails Caucasotachea atrolabiata	[207]
	Lithium-pilocarpine model	Decreased seizure stages Reversed oxidative stress Increased cell survival in hippocampal sub-regions	Male rats	[208]
γ-Decanolactone	Isoniazid-, picrotoxin- and 4- aminopyridine- Induced Seizure Test	Prolong the latency to the first seizure Decreased the percentage of seizures	Male CF1 mice	[212]
γ-Decanolactone	Pilocarpine-Induced Seizure Test	Prolonged the latency to first clonic seizure and reduced oxidative stress	Male CF1 mice	[213]
Linalool	PTZ induced seizure test	Suppressed action potentials at lower concentration. Excitatory effect in higher concentration.	Central neurons of snail Caucasotachea atrolabiata	[47]
Linalool oxide	PTZ induced seizure test Maximal electroshock test	Increased latency to first seizure onset Reduced the duration of tonic seizures	Male Swiss albino mice	[225]
Nerolidol	PTZ-induced kindling test	Increased NE, DA, 5-HT in cortex and hippocampus Reduced oxidative stress	Male lake mice	[235]
1-Nitro-2-phenylethane	PTZ induced seizure test strychnine induced seizure test	Offered protection against PTZ- strychnine-induced convulsion Flumazenil blocked anticonvulsant effect	Adult male and female albino mice	[58]
Terpinen-4-ol	PTZ induced seizure test 3-MP test Electroencephalogram recordings Dissociation and Patch-Clamp Recordings	Increased the latency to seizures Reduced the total time spent in generalized convulsions Reduced Na⁺ currents in a concentration-dependent manner	Adult male Swiss mice	[256]
Thymol	6 Hz psychomotor seizure test Maximal electroshock test PTZ induced seizure test Corneal kindling model Lithium-pilocarpine model	Prevented seizures in some tests.	Adult male CF No 1 albino mice	[173]
Thymol	Maximal electroshock test PTZ-induced seizure test Strychnine-induced seizure test 4-Aminopyridine seizure test PTZ-induced kindling test	Reduced seizure scores Could block Na⁺ channels post GABA_A receptor modulation	Male Wistar rats Male Swiss albino mice	[272]
(-)-Verbenone	PTZ induced seizure test	Increased latency to onset of first seizure Reduced the percentage of tonic-clonic seizures Up regulated mRNA expression of BDNF and COX-2 Down regulated mRNA expression of c-fos	Male Swiss mice	[282]

3-MP: Mercaptopropionic Acid.