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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Nutr Biochem. 2019 Nov 12;76:108285. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108285

Figure 4. ALA-enriched butter promoted biosynthesis of long-chain n-3 PUFA, reduced TG accumulation and attenuated inflammation in the liver.

Figure 4.

A. Liver weight. B. Hepatic TG content. C. Gross images (upper) and H&E staining (lower) of liver after 10 weeks HF feeding. D. Hepatic n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio at 10 weeks. E. Composition of n-3 (ALA, EPA, and DHA) and n-6 (ARA and LA) PUFA in the liver. F. Western blot analysis of de novo lipogenesis-related proteins of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), and cytochrome C (Cytc). G. Western blot analysis of macrophage related proteins of CD45, CD11c, F4/80, and IκBα, the NFκB inhibitory protein. Relative protein intensities quantified by ImageJ were normalized to β-actin. In F and G, each lane represents individual animals. H. mRNA levels of Pparα, Pparγ, Dgat2, Mcp1/Ccl2, and arginase 1 (Arg1). All data represented as mean±SEM (n=8/group). Treatments with different letters are significantly different from one another (P<0.05) by one-way ANOVA (A-G). In H, *, P<0.05 and **, P<0.01 by one-way ANOVA relative to Bu as the control.