Figure 1.

Implant-based vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) versus precision ultrasound (US) neuromodulation (Cotero et al. 2019). (A) Schematic of the neurons within the vagus nerve, exemplary innervated organs, and the position used for VNS devices. (B) Schematic of precision organ-based neuromodulation in which the innervation points of known axonal populations are targeted for stimulation using focused pulsed US. (From Cotero et al. 2019; reprinted, with permission, from Nature Communications © 2019.)