Figure 4.

Hepatic ultrasound (US) stimulation of pathways that affect glucose regulation (Cotero et al. 2019). (A) Example image of the liver used to focus the US stimulus (green arrow; white arrows—outline of the liver). (B) Data showing the effect of hepatic US stimulation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hyperglycemia. Blood glucose concentrations compared to pre-injection concentration are shown, and LPS-induced hyperglycemia is prevented after US stimulation of the porta hepatis (purple), but not distal lobes (green). (C) Concentrations for molecules associated with metabolism in the liver and hypothalamus are shown compared to no ultrasound controls. The asterisks mark statistical significance using two-sided t-test versus LPS only controls (threshold 0.05). (From Cotero et al. 2019; reprinted, with permission, from Nature Communications © 2019.)