Table 2.
Participant characteristics by sexa
| Variable | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|
| Participant demographics | ||
| Age (years) | 70 (5) | 70 (5) |
| Sex [n (%)] | 61 (37) | 102 (63) |
| Race [n (%)] * | ||
| African American | 6 (10) | 33 (32) |
| Caucasian American | 55 (90) | 69 (68) |
| Medications | ||
| Participants on medications [n (%)] | ||
| Hypertension | 54 (88.5) | 91 (89.2) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 42 (68.9) | 71 (69.6) |
| Diabetes | 15 (24.6) | 19 (18.6) |
| Body weight and composition | ||
| Weight (kg) | 105.6 (12.0) | 88.3 (11.0) *** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.7 (3.2) | 33.6 (3.0) |
| DXA measuresb | ||
| Total fat mass (kg) | 40.6 (7.7) | 42.0 (7.0) |
| Total fat mass (%) | 38.7 (4.3) | 48.2 (3.6) |
| Total fat free mass (kg) | 63.9 (6.7) | 44.9 (5.3) *** |
| Total fat free mass (%) | 61.3 (4.3) | 51.8 (3.6) *** |
| Total fat free mass (%) | 61.3 (4.3) | 51.8 (3.6) *** |
| Total arm lean mass (kg) | 7.6 (1.1) | 4.7 (0.8) *** |
| MRI measures | ||
| Thigh skeletal muscle [tSM] (cm3)c | 422.4 (56.8) | 287.5 (42.3) *** |
| Inflammatory markers | ||
| TNFα (pg/mL)d | 5.2 (1.8) | 5.0 (1.9) |
| IL-6 (pg/mL)e | 3.0 (3.9) | 2.8 (2.2) |
| hs-CRP (mg/L)f | 2.7 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.2) ** |
| Physical function and strength | ||
| Hand grip strength (kg)d | 44.5 (7.5) | 26.9 (5.2) *** |
| Isometric knee extension strength (kg)g | 95.2 (34.5) | 57.8 (22.4) *** |
| Chair sit and reach [CSR] (cm)d, h | −7.4 (11.7) | −0.8 (8.7) *** |
| Six- minute walk test [6MWT]: distance (m)d | 505 (73) | 433 (76) *** |
| SPPB- summary performance scorei | 10.2 (1.2) | 10.0 (1.5) |
| SPPB- Balance score | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.8 (0.7) |
| SPPB- Repeated chair stands score | 2.4 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.2) |
| SPPB- Gait speed score | 4.0 (0.2) | 3.9 (0.4) |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.10 (0.21) | 1.03 (0.18) * |
| MVPA (min/day)j | 18.3 (14.4) | 7.2 (8.2) *** |
Note: DXA, Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; SPPB, Short physical performance battery score; MVPA, Moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity; The following variables were logarithmically transformed to attain normality before analyses: age, BMI, TNFα, IL-6, hs-CRP, CSR, knee extension strength and MVPA. Untransformed values are presented to facilitate interpretation; a. Differences between males and females by independent samples t-test (continuous variables) or χ2 tests (categorical variables). Data are unadjusted mean (SD), unless otherwise stated; b. Total analyzed n=161 (males: 61, females: 100) for total fat, fat free and arm lean mass; no DXA data was available for two females; c. Total analyzed n=155 (males: 57, females: 98) for thigh skeletal muscle (tSM); no thigh MRI images were available for four males and four females; d. Total analyzed n=162 (males: 61, females: 101) for TNFα, hand grip strength, 6MWT and CSR; the data was not available for one female; e Total analyzed n=161 (males: 61, females:100) for IL-6; the data was not available for two females; f. Total analyzed n=142 (males: 59, females: 83) for hs-CRP; 19 participants (males: two, females: 17) with CRP >10 mg/L were excluded from these analyses and the data was not available for two females; g. Total analyzed n=161 (males: 60, females:101) for knee extension strength; the data were not available for one female and one male; h. Lower score represents a poorer performance on the chair sit and reach test; i. Total analyzed n=154 (males: 58, females: 96) for SPPB; three males and six females that did not complete all three components of the SPPB were excluded from analyses; j. Total analyzed n=143 (males: 53, females: 90) for accelerometry data; ; the data were not available for three males and eight females; data from nine participants (males: five, females: four) that did not meet the validity criteria were excluded from these analyses; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, significantly different between males and females.