TABLE I. Infection by Plasmodium spp. in free-living Southern brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) from Joinville, Santa Catarina State, south of Brazil.

Molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium infectiona	Sex				Age groupc				Total
	Female		Male		Adults		Non-adults
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
P. simium	5	23.81	4	21.05	8	23.53	1	16.67	9	22.50
P. brasilianum/P. malariae	1	4.76	2	10.53	1	2.94	2	33.33	3	7.50
Mixedb	8	38.10	8	42.11	14	41.18	2	33.33	16	40.00
Negative	7	33.33	5	26.32	11	32.35	1	16.67	12	30.00
Total of positives	14	66.67	14	73.68	23	67.65	5	83.33	28	70.00
Total	21		19		34		6		40

a: results of combined diagnosis by Nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ribosomal and mitochondrial targets; b: infection by P. simium and P. brasilianum/P. malariae; c: age according to Carpenter et al. ¹¹