TABLE IV. Biochemical parameters of samples collected in 2015 from free-living Southern brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), infected and uninfected by Plasmodium spp. in Joinville, Santa Catarina State, south of Brazil.
| Biochemical Parameters | Infected (n = 17) | Uninfected (n = 7) | pa | ||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Alanine amino tranferase (UI/L)b | 30.97 | 10.07 | 16.93 | 6.55 | 0.003 |
| Albumin (g/dL)c | 3.28 | 0.68 | 3.59 | 0.50 | 0.298 |
| Albumin/globulin ratio | 0.95 | 0.23 | 0.93 | 0.31 | 0.745 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (UI/L) | 163.06 | 59.26 | 134.71 | 34.35 | 0.252 |
| Aspartate amino tranferase (UI/L) | 103.88 | 39.36 | 107.35 | 66.82 | 0.418 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 78.65 | 26.63 | 88.57 | 31.41 | 0.439 |
| Creatine kinase (UI/L) | 589.29 | 378.16 | 653.00 | 150.48 | 0.561 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.08 | 0.47 | 0.84 | 0.29 | 0.494 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (UI/L) | 54.41 | 15.91 | 54.00 | 22.57 | 0.960 |
| Globulins (g/dL) | 3.62 | 0.83 | 4.11 | 1.00 | 0.221 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 97.24 | 35.91 | 91.14 | 33.22 | 0.619 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (UI/L) | 644.21 | 424.95 | 491.07 | 286.71 | 0.318 |
| Total proteins (g/dL)d | 6.98 | 1.27 | 7.54 | 0.74 | 0.192 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 126.65 | 56.56 | 124.50 | 89.81 | 0.944 |
| Urea (mg/dL)e | 34.47 | 23.98 | 27.43 | 16.82 | 0.488 |
a: Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, comparing infected and uninfected animals, considering assumption of equal variances (p ≤ 0.05 in bold); b: significantly higher in infected females compared to uninfected females (p = 0.003), and higher also in animals with mixed infection (P. simium and P. brasilianum/P. malariae) compared to those infected with only one species of Plasmodium (p = 0.009); c: significantly lower in infected males than in uninfected males (p = 0.044); d: significantly lower in animals with mixed infection (P. simium and P. brasilianum/P. malariae) compared to those infected with only one species of Plasmodium (p = 0.000); e: significantly higher in infected females compared to uninfected females (p = 0.029). In this analysis, only adults and subadults caught in 2015 were included, because of differences in some parameters for juveniles (see text for more details), samples from 2017 were not included because the equipment for biochemical analysis was not available that time. SD: standard deviation.