Table 1.
Pain: Experimental group versus control group over time.
| Group (time point) | Experimental group, mean (SD) | Control group, mean (SD) | Mean difference | Cohen da (95% CI) | P valueb | ||||||
| Pain intensity | |||||||||||
|
|
Baseline (T0) | 4.19 (2.07)c | 4.02 (2.19) | 0.171 | 0.080 (−0.698 to 1.039) | .70 | |||||
|
|
Posttreatment (T1) | 3.17 (1.15)c | 4.26 (1.60) | −1.090 | −0.784 (−1.715 to −0.466) | .001 | |||||
|
|
One-month follow-up (T2) | 3.85 (1.58) | 3.58 (2.07) | 0.270 | 0.147 (−0.890 to 1.429) | .64 | |||||
| Pain interference | |||||||||||
|
|
Baseline (T0) | 2.75 (1.53)d | 2.84 (1.40) | –0.086 | −0.051 (−0.768 to 0.597) | .80 | |||||
|
|
Posttreatment (T1) | 2.36 (0.40)d | 2.98 (0.67) | –0.620 | −1.139 (−0.872 to −0.381) | <.001 | |||||
|
|
One-month follow-up (T2) | 3.11 (1.89) | 2.71 (1.10) | 0.400 | 0.255 (−0.772 to 1.559) | .50 | |||||
| Pain self-efficacy | |||||||||||
|
|
Baseline (T0) | 43.09 (15.46) | 46.38 (14.43) | −3.290 | −0.220 (−9.382 to 2.803) | .29 | |||||
|
|
Posttreatment (T1) | 46.52 (8.83) | 45.34 (10.04) | 1.181 | 0.125 (−3.103 to 5.465) | .58 | |||||
|
|
One-month follow-up (T2) | 46.12 (11.44) | 47.25 (11.03) | −1.132 | −0.101(−8.806 to 6.541) | .77 | |||||
aGuideline for Cohen d: small, d=0.2; medium, d=0.5; and large, d=0.8.
bIndependent sample t test was applied. A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant.
cOne-way analysis of variance was applied, P=.012. Pain intensity at T0 was greater than that at T1.
dOne-way analysis of variance was applied, P<.01. Pain interference at T0 was greater than that at T1.