Abstract
Background
The literature indicates that Web-based health information seeking is mostly used for seeking information on well-established diseases. However, only a few studies report health information seeking in the absence of a doctor’s visit and in the context of acute symptoms.
Objective
This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of Web-based health information seeking for acute symptoms and the impact of such information on symptom management and health service utilization.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 287 Lebanese adults (with a response rate of 18.5% [54/291]) conducted between December 2016 and June 2017. The survey was answered by participants online or through phone-based interviews.
Results
A total of 64.3% of the participants (178/277) reported checking the internet for health information when they had an acute symptom. The rate of those who sought to use Web-based health information first when experiencing acute symptom(s) in the past 12 months was 19.2% (25/130). In addition, 50% (9/18) visited the doctor because of the obtained information, and the rest self-medicated or sought a pharmacist’s advice; the majority (18/24, 75%) improved within 3-4 days.
Conclusions
Higher education level and trust in Web-based medical information were two major predictors of Web-based health information seeking for acute symptoms. Seeking Web-based health information first for acute symptoms is common and may lead to self-management by avoiding a visit to the physician. Physicians should encourage their patients to discuss Web-based health information and guide them toward trusted online websites.
Keywords: internet, health information, acute symptoms, acute disease
Introduction
Background
Since the launch of the World Wide Web in 1990, the number of internet users has increased remarkably (49.6% worldwide [1] and 75.9% in Lebanon [2]) as did the number of Web-based health information seekers [3]. Most internet users visit online websites to find information about physical rather than mental illnesses [4-6] and those mainly related to a diagnosis of a new health problem, an ongoing medical condition, or a prescribed medication [5]. Moreover, most users seek Web-based health information before or after a doctor’s visit [5] to improve their involvement in decision making or supplement information provided by their physicians [7]. They are motivated by the desire for reassurance or a second opinion to challenge other information and to improve their understanding of a condition [8].
Web-based health information seeking is common, and the consumers considered it beneficial. The internet has empowered patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes and cancer [9] and helped patients in making decisions about bariatric surgeries [10] and oncologic management [11]. From the perspective of Web-based health information seekers, the health information they sought was useful [4], had a positive impact on their health [12], and improved their medical information [12] and self-care [7].
Study Objectives
Most of the literature indicated that Web-based health information seeking is mostly used for well-established diseases. However, only few studies reported health information seeking in the absence of a doctor’s visit [5,7,13,14] and specifically in the context of acute symptoms (symptoms with an abrupt onset and usually a short course, eg, fever, back pain, headache, diarrhea, flu, and urinary frequency). Seeking information on the internet for acute complaints may lead to self-diagnosis and self-medication, which may result in a delay in treatment and incorrect choice of therapies [15,16]. This is more challenging in the context of Web-based health information, as the quality of the information of the websites is not standardized [17]. Therefore, it is worth studying the role of Web-based health information seeking in self-diagnosis of acute symptoms and the consequences of consulting Web-based health information. This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of Web-based health information seekers for acute symptoms and the impact of such information on symptom management and health service utilization.
Methods
Approval
This cross-sectional survey–based study was conducted between December 2015 and June 2016 to identify the proportion of the public who sought to use the internet for information about acute symptoms. Ethical approval was granted by the institution review board of the American University of Beirut.
Participants and Sample Size
The target population was adults from the general public (aged ≥18 years) residing in Lebanon. The convenience sampling method was selected, and the recruitment method included Google Ads or phone-based interviews. Convenience sampling is widely used in social behavioral studies. As our target population comprised people who used Web-based health information, we elected to use an online recruitment method rather than traditional methods such as posters or inviting people from some geographic areas. In fact, there is growing interest in the literature on the use of Google Ads or Facebook ads to recruit people [18-20].
The sample size was calculated with the formula (Figure 1) used in prevalence studies [21,22]. In the absence of the literature reporting this prevalence, we expected the proportion of adults who use the internet for acute symptoms to be similar to that of adults who use the internet for health information, in general. Therefore, we set the expected population proportion as 80% with 95% CIs and the level of precision of estimate within 5%. The sample size required was 246 people.
Figure 1.
Sample size calculation.
Recruitment
A total of 233 participants were first recruited via Google Ads and were asked to complete a Web-based survey. After 3 months, we were not able to recruit enough sample size, so we changed the recruitment to phone-based interviews. The native language of the country is Arabic; however, the country is well known for its trilingual system (Arabic, English, and French). English is taught as a second language in private and public schools and is the language of communication in most universities [23]. For Google Ads, the survey was conducted in English; those who answered the Google Ads were more likely to know English because they were surfing the internet. For the phone-based interview recruitment, the questionnaire was translated into Arabic, the native language of the country, as we may have called people at their households. Using the RAND function in Microsoft Excel, a random list of phone numbers was generated; phone calls were made during fixed times of each day (day and night). Following this, an additional 54 participants were recruited. Figure 2 describes the process of recruiting participants.
Figure 2.
Recruitment of the participants.
Survey Questions
The survey included information about participants’ demographics, general internet use, and health information seeking. To measure the proportion of participants who sought the internet for information about an acute event, we used the following question: How often do you search the internet for information about an acute health event? (An acute illness is defined as a disease with an abrupt onset and usually a short course, eg, headache, fever, flu, pain, diarrhea, urinary frequency, and back pain). Participants were then asked if they had an acute symptom in the past 12 months, whether they sought Web-based health information regarding their acute symptom and their further actions (visit a doctor, pharmacy, or self-medicate), and what were the final illness outcomes (improved or got worse).
Statistical Analysis
A descriptive analysis was used to describe the demographics, access to Web-based health information, and outcomes. Means were used for continuous variables, and percentages were used for categorical variables. A bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between Web-based health information seeking in the acute setting and patients’ actions when they have an acute symptom. The participants’ actions were also correlated with the demographics by using the Chi-square test, except for age, where the correlation was studied using the t test/one-way analysis of variance. The statistical significance was set at P<.05.
Results
Demographics
A total of 287 eligible participants completed the survey. The demographics of the participants are illustrated in Table 1. The mean age of the participants was 46.1 years; 16.7% (N=48) of them were older than 65 years and 6.8% were younger than 20 years. Almost two-thirds of the participants were married (n=139) and had university-level education (n=165), and 77% (n=193) of them had medical coverage. Around two-thirds of the participants did not have a chronic medical illness (n=196) and considered their health to be good (n=122) or very good (n=61).
Table 1.
Demographics of the participants.
| Characteristics | Values | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 46.1 (19.2) | |
| Gender (N=242), n (%)a |
|
|
|
|
Male | 118 (48.8) |
|
|
Female | 124 (51.2) |
| Marital status (N=242), n (%)a |
|
|
|
|
Single | 82 (33.9) |
|
|
Married | 139 (57.4) |
|
|
Divorced | 9 (3.7) |
|
|
Widowed | 10 (4.1) |
|
|
Separated | 2 (0.8) |
| Educational status (N=240), n (%)a |
|
|
|
|
University | 165 (57.5) |
|
|
Technical training | 29 (10.1) |
|
|
Secondary school | 29 (10.1) |
|
|
Primary school | 13 (4.5) |
|
|
None | 4 (1.4) |
| Monthly income (US $; N=222), n (%)a |
|
|
|
|
<500 | 43 (15.0) |
|
|
500-1300 | 81 (28.2) |
|
|
1300-3300 | 66 (23.0) |
|
|
>3300 | 32 (11.1) |
| Medical coverage (N=252), n (%)a |
|
|
|
|
National Social Security Fund | 78 (27.2) |
|
|
Private insurance | 101 (35.2) |
|
|
Co-operative | 10 (3.5) |
|
|
None | 59 (20.6) |
|
|
Others | 4 (1.4) |
| Chronic medical conditiona (N=287), n (%) | 91 (31.7) | |
| Self-perceived health status (N=252), n (%)a |
|
|
|
|
Very good | 61 (21.3) |
|
|
Good | 122 (42.5) |
|
|
Moderate | 52 (18.1) |
|
|
Poor | 14 (4.9) |
|
|
Very poor | 3 (1.0) |
| Have a physician whom they consult on regular basis (N=287), n (%)a | 148 (51.6) | |
| Frequency of doctors’ visit in the past 1 year (N=255), n (%)a |
|
|
|
|
Never | 49 (17.1) |
|
|
1-2 times | 123 (42.9) |
|
|
3 times | 32 (11.1) |
|
|
≥4 times | 51 (17.8) |
aMissing values.
Internet Use for Health Information in General and for an Acute Health Event
Participants were provided with the definition of an acute illness: A disease with an abrupt onset and usually a short course, for example, headache, fever, flu, pain, diarrhea, urinary frequency, and back pain. Almost all the participants (235/249, 94.3%) reported general internet use at least twice weekly, whereas one-third of the participants (86/277, 31.0%) reported at least twice weekly internet use for an acute health event specifically (Table 2). One-third of the participants (97/249, 38.9%) rarely or never used the internet for health information, and only 10.3% of them (28/270) rarely or never trusted the health information obtained (Table 2).
Table 2.
Internet use for health information in general and for an acute health event.
| Characteristics | Value, n (%) | |
| General internet use |
|
|
|
|
Daily | 203 (70.7) |
|
|
≥2 times/week | 30 (10.5) |
|
|
Once weekly | 6 (2.1) |
|
|
≥2 times/month | 1 (0.30) |
|
|
Once monthly | 13 (4.5) |
|
|
Rarely | 6 (2.1) |
|
|
Never | 0 (0) |
| Health website use |
|
|
|
|
Daily | 39 (13.6) |
|
|
≥2 times/week | 44 (15.3) |
|
|
Once weekly | 31 (10.8) |
|
|
≥2 times/month | 23 (8.0) |
|
|
Once monthly | 13 (4.5) |
|
|
Rarely | 68 (23.7) |
|
|
Never | 28 (9.8) |
| Internet search for acute health eventa |
|
|
|
|
Daily | 50 (17.4) |
|
|
≥2 times/week | 47 (17.3) |
|
|
Once weekly | 22 (7.7) |
|
|
≥2 times/month | 41 (14.3) |
|
|
Once monthly | 13 (4.5) |
|
|
Rarely | 79 (27.5) |
|
|
Never | 19 (6.6) |
| Trust in Web-based health information obtained |
|
|
|
|
Always | 32 (11.1) |
|
|
Very often | 66 (23.0) |
|
|
Sometimes | 122 (42.5) |
|
|
Rarely | 19 (6.6) |
|
|
Never | 9 (3.1) |
|
|
Not applicable | 18 (6.3) |
aAn acute health event was defined as an acute illness with an abrupt onset and usually a short course (eg, headache, fever, sore throat, ear pain, cold/flu, diarrhea, urinary symptoms, and acute back pain).
Participants who used the internet for an acute illness were likely to be more educated (P=.01), have a doctor they regularly consult (P=.009), use the internet for health information (P≤.001), trust the Web-based health information found (P<.001), and have a middle monthly income (P=.044). It is also important to note that there was no significant relationship between searching the internet for an acute illness and gender, having a chronic medical condition, perceived health status, frequency of visits to the doctor, or general internet use.
Description of the Participants Who Had an Acute Symptom in the Past 12 Months
A total of 130 participants (87/130, 45.3%) had an acute symptom in the past 12 months. Their first action was mostly consulting with a physician (52/130, 40.0%) followed by self-medication (45/130, 34.6%), searching the internet for health information (25/130, 19.2%), and seeking a pharmacist’s advice (8/130, 6.2%). Two-thirds of them (85/130, 65.3%) improved in the first 3-4 days after the onset of an acute symptom irrespective of their first action. The most common symptoms were headache, back pain, and diarrhea. Participants who had frequent doctor’s visits, a doctor with whom they consult regularly, or a chronic medical illness were more likely to first seek either Web-based health information or a doctor’s help rather than self-medicate or seek a pharmacist’s advice (Table 3).
Table 3.
Bivariate analyses of the first action of the participants with an acute symptom and the various variables.
| Variables | First action after an acute symptom | P valuea | ||||
| Sought Web-based health information | Sought a doctor’s care | Self-medicated | Sought a pharmacist’s advice | |||
| Doctors’ visits in the past 12 months (N=121), n (%) | .002 | |||||
|
|
0 | 1 (4.8) | 1 (2.0) | 11 (26.2) | 2 (25.0) |
|
|
|
1-2 | 8 (38.1) | 15 (30.0) | 21 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) |
|
|
|
3 | 3 (14.3) | 10 (20.0) | 3 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) |
|
|
|
≥4 | 9 (42.9) | 24 (48.0) | 7 (16.7) | 2 (25.0) |
|
| Presence of a chronic medical condition (N=121), n (%) | .05 | |||||
|
|
Yes | 10 (47.6) | 23 (46.0) | 10 (23.8) | 1 (12.5) |
|
|
|
No | 11 (52.4) | 27 (54.0) | 32 (76.2) | 7 (87.5) |
|
| Presence of a physician who they consult on a regular basis (N=122), n (%) | .008 | |||||
|
|
Yes | 16 (76.2) | 37 (72.5) | 24 (55.8) | 1 (14.3) |
|
|
|
No | 5 (23.8) | 14 (27.5) | 19 (44.2) | 6 (85.7) |
|
| Status of perceived health, n (%) | .20 | |||||
|
|
Very good | 5 (23.8) | 8 (16.0) | 11 (25.6) | 2 (25.0) |
|
|
|
Good | 10 (47.6) | 17 (34.0) | 16 (37.2) | 3 (37.5) |
|
|
|
Moderate | 5 (23.8) | 17 (34.0) | 14 (32.6) | 0 (0) |
|
|
|
Poor | 1 (4.8) | 7 (14.0) | 1 (2.3) | 3 (37.5) |
|
|
|
Very poor | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) |
|
aChi-square test.
Among participants who searched the internet first (n=25), almost half (9/18) consulted a doctor because of the obtained Web-based information; the other half either self-medicated or sought a pharmacist’s advice. Most of them (18/24, 75%) improved in the first 3-4 days.
Among those who self-medicated after searching the internet (n=6), only one participant’s condition did not improve. Similarly, among those who sought care from a doctor after searching the internet (n=8), two participants’ condition did not improve and one participant’s condition worsened. Although many participants (22/25, 88%) found the Web-based information helpful to understand their acute symptoms, two-thirds (15/25, 60%) became anxious, and approximately 72% (18/25) discussed the obtained information with their doctor.
Finally, data analyses were conducted to compare the various demographics and actions of participants among those recruited through Google Ads versus through phone-based interviews. It was shown that participants were similar in both groups, with the exception that those recruited via Google Ads reported higher trust in Web-based health information and were more educated than those recruited via phone-based interviews.
Discussion
Principal Findings
Web-based health information seeking is well studied in the context of chronic medical conditions; however, only a few studies analyzed Web-based health information seekers for an acute symptom and the impact of such information on one’s health. This study aimed to add to the literature by examining the prevalence of Web-based health information seeking in the context of an acute illness through a survey. This survey found that many participants (173/277, 62.5%) used the internet for an acute health symptom. Specifically, almost one-fifth (25/130) of those who had an acute symptom in the past 12 months sought Web-based health information first; among those people, two-thirds (9/25, 36.0%) eventually sought care from a doctor based on the information obtained. The majority improved, and the few of them who did not improve or worsened were among those who visited the doctor. The decision to first check Web-based health information was more prevalent among participants who had a doctor whom they consulted regularly, had frequent doctor’s visits in the past 12 months, and had a chronic medical condition.
This study has shown that almost two-thirds (173/277, 62.5%) of the participants used the internet for an acute symptom. This is consistent with the rates of internet usage for general health-related information [3,12,24-26]. Moreover, in comparison with prior studies, Web-based health information seekers are younger [12,25,27,28], highly educated [25,27,28], and consider themselves healthy [27,28]. However, in this study, those who searched the internet for acute symptoms were found to have a middle-level income and not a high income, as seen for general Web-based health information seeking in previous studies [3,25,27,28]. This could be explained by the fact that many participants used Web-based information to self-manage their symptoms. Self-diagnosis and self-medication have been well associated with the socioeconomic status of patients [29-31]. Seeking health information for acute symptoms may have different motives than seeking general health information for chronic or established diseases.
A good number of participants in this survey (25/130, 19.2%) sought Web-based health information first when they had an acute symptom, which is similar to what was found in a study that analyzed the search queries to a patient education orthopedic website: 17% of the patients visited the website for symptoms as compared with 32% for a condition and 22% for a certain treatment [7]. Similarly, 31% of college students sought to use the internet for self-diagnosis [13]. The harms of self-diagnosis through Web-based health information are not well studied. A study among patients with colorectal cancer reported that 25% of the sample consulted the internet before visiting health care providers [14]. Among those who checked information on the internet, 8.2% (n=5) reported that the information influenced their thinking, as it indicated that their condition was not cancer or did not require medical attention. Most of the participants in this study improved after looking up health information on the internet related to their acute symptoms; this might be related to the natural course of most acute symptoms. However, those who did not improve or worsened were among those who visited the doctor after they obtained the information. It is possible that the information obtained was enough for them to decide if they can wait for a natural resolution of the symptoms or there is a need to visit a doctor. In general, the majority of Web-based health information seekers report that this kind of information was helpful and improved their health status or their medical information [4,12,32].
The bivariate analysis found that the decision to search the internet or visit a doctor first was associated with having a doctor with whom they consulted regularly and with a high frequency of doctor’s visits. It seems that participants who did not establish care within the medical system are more likely to self-medicate or visit the pharmacist. Despite that, some participants would seek information on the internet first, and almost half of them who did ended up visiting the doctor. Although physicians remain the most trusted source of medical information [25,33], the literature is mixed about the effect of Web-based information on patients’ confidence in their physicians [34-36]. Discordance between the information obtained from the internet and that from the physician may compromise the trust in the physician [37]. Nevertheless, physicians should encourage their patients to discuss health information obtained from the internet and should guide them toward trusted online websites [38] to help them play an active role in symptom or disease management and control their anxiety.
Limitations
The generalizability of the data is limited, as the study was conducted among Lebanese adults and had a low response rate. However, the data are a revelation of the magnitude of participants seeking Web-based health information for acute symptoms. Furthermore, two different recruitment methodologies were used sequentially, which lead to more educated participants reporting higher trust in Web-based health information in the Google Ads than in the phone-based interviews. Moreover, there was probably some recall bias, mainly in answering the question addressing health information seeking for the last acute event during the past 12 months.
This survey showed that Web-based health information seeking for acute symptoms is common. However, physicians remain an important source of trustable medical information. Despite seeking Web-based health information first, almost half of the participants eventually visited a doctor and discussed the information that they sought online.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge Hiba Yassine and Sara Iskandarani (students) for their contribution in data collection as part of the Medical Research Volunteer Program. LA was affiliated with the American University of Beirut at the time of the trial and is currently affiliated with Beirut Arab University.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
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