Table 1.

Embedded community-based participatory research principles in case studies.

CBPRa principle	FAITH!b	PeerTECHc
Community as a unit of identity	African American adults affiliated with local African American churches. Shared sociocultural influences of the African American faith community and marginalization in underresourced areas in small and large metropolitan areas in Minnesota.	Older adults, aged 60 years and older, with an SMId. Shared experiences of marginalization and mental health condition with certified peer specialists.
Strengths and resources within the community	Community partner with a long-standing role as a community activist and community outreach director of a federally qualified health center. Established social infrastructure of the Black church for recruitment. Church pastors and church-designated champions, FAITH! Partners leveraged for trust building and buy-in.	Certified peer specialists who provide peer support mental health services and are trusted leaders of community. Certified peer specialists who facilitate trust building, co-ownership, and an equitable partnership.
Collaborative partnerships in all research phases	Community members involved in the selection a of mixed methods study design to incorporate community members in intervention development (selected mobile app modality). FAITH! Partners designated to refine recruitment, implementation, and results dissemination processes. Academic partner assisted with capacity-building of health ministries within partnering churches.	Community members involved in weekly research team meetings assisted with the development of the smartphone app content, selection of study site, instruments, hiring, training, and retaining interventionists.
Integrate research results for mutual benefit	Research directly led to an mHealthe intervention aimed at addressing cardiovascular health disparities identified by the academic-community partners within the African American faith community.	Research directly led to a peer-delivered and technology-supported mHealth intervention aimed at addressing early mortality in people with an SMI; health issue identified by academic and community partners.
Cyclical and iterative process	Community members were heavily involved in formative process for mHealth intervention design through iterative focus groups and community meetings.	Community members were actively involved in all research phases from conception and research design to dissemination. Community members are currently involved in the next iteration of PeerTECH.
Colearning and empowerment, with awareness of social inequalities	CSCf established to guide academic partners in project focus and community centeredness. Academic-community partners attend a longitudinal CBPR course to ensure ongoing adherence to principles.	Academic partners learned of the history, philosophy, and practice of certified peer support specialists. Certified peer support specialists learned experientially about conducting and disseminating scientific research.
Incorporate positive and ecological perspectives	Research question and study design were born out of community input and preferences to overcome marginalization. The intervention incorporated relevant psychosocial and sociocultural influences on cardiovascular health (eg, cultural norms of collectivity and spiritual messaging).	Smartphone app was developed based on community input and incorporates a sociocultural and environmental approach to addressing early mortality in people with an SMI, including relationship building skills, stress management, and how to navigate the health care system.
Disseminates knowledge to all partners	Presentations were held in both academic and community settings to share research results. Promoted a culture of health in community dissemination efforts as identified by community partners and CSC (eg, community walk and health fair). Culturally tailored infographics were developed to highlight results for participants, CSC, and public. Academic-community partners coauthored manuscripts/grants and copresented at scientific and community meetings.	Presentations were held in both academic and community settings (international, national and regional conferences) to share research results. Blogs were written by patient partners and certified peer specialists. Academic-community partners coauthored peer-reviewed manuscripts/grants and copresented at scientific meetings.

^aCBPR: community-based participatory research.

^bFAITH!: Fostering African-American Improvement in Total Health.

^cPeerTECH: Peer- and Technology-Supported Self-Management Training.

^dSMI: serious mental illness.

^emHealth: mobile health.

^fCSC: community steering committee.