Table 1.
Distribution of parental, early-life and adult characteristics by parental tobacco use status in 1801 women [n (row %) or least squared means (S.E.)]
| No parental tobacco [606 (33.6)] | Maternal tobacco [116 (6.4)] | Paternal tobacco [619 (34.4)] | Parental tobacco [460 (25.5)] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| African American | 75 (26.4%) | 13 (4.6%) | 125 (44.0%)** | 71 (25.0%) |
| White, Asian, Hispanic, other | 531 (35.0%) | 103 (6.8%) | 494 (32.6%) | 389 (25.6%) |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 22.9 (0.2) | 22.7 (0.3) | 23.2 (0.2) | 22.2 (0.2)# |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Never | 518 (34.5%) | 95 (6.3%) | 506 (33.7%) | 381 (25.4%) |
| Ever | 88 (29.2%) | 21 (7.0%) | 113 (37.5%) | 79 (26.2%) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Professional | 97 (35.5%) | 21 (7.7%) | 104 (38.1%) | 51 (18.7%)❡ |
| Other | 509 (33.3%) | 95 (6.2%) | 515 (33.7%) | 409 (26.8%) |
| Paternal | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| African American | 78 (25.9%) | 17 (5.6%) | 131 (43.5%)** | 75 (24.9%) |
| White, Asian, Hispanic, other | 528 (35.2%) | 99 (6.6%) | 488 (32.5%) | 385 (25.7%) |
| BMI (kg/m2)b | 24.3 (0.2) | 24.5 (0.4) | 24.4 (0.1) | 24.5 (0.2) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Never | 492 (34.7%) | 94 (6.6%) | 480 (33.9%) | 351 (24.8%) |
| Ever | 114 (29.7%) | 22 (5.7%) | 139 (36.2%) | 109 (28.4%)❡ |
| Occupation | ||||
| Professional | 343 (41.9%) | 54 (6.6%) | 256 (31.3%) | 166 (20.3%) |
| Other | 263 (26.8%) | 62 (6.3%) | 363 (37.0%) | 294 (29.9%)❡ |
| Daughters | ||||
| Gestational age (weeks)c | 39.9 (0.1) | 40.1 (0.2) | 40.0 (0.1) | 39.7 (0.1) |
| Birth weight (g) | 3350.9 (19.4) | 3149.3 (44.1)** | 3324.0 (19.3) | 3114.5 (22.4)** |
| Age (years) | 48.7 (0.1) | 49.2 (0.2)❡ | 48.8 (0.1) | 49.2 (0.1)** |
| Tobacco smokingd | ||||
| Never | 384 (37.5%) | 69 (6.7%) | 356 (34.7%)❡ | 216 (21.1%)** |
| Ever | 221 (28.5%) | 47 (6.1%) | 262 (33.9%) | 243 (31.4%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 (0.3) | 27.7 (0.6) | 27.7 (0.3)# | 27.7 (0.3)❡ |
| Hb A1C (%)e | 5.8 (0.1) | 5.8 (0.2) | 5.7 (0.1) | 5.9 (0.1) |
| Hb A1C (mmol/mol)e | 39.9 (0.7) | 39.9 (1.4) | 38.8 (0.7) | 41.0 (0.7) |
| Hb A1Ce | ||||
| Unmeasured | 488 (34.1%) | 91 (6.4%) | 495 (34.6%) | 357 (25.0%) |
| Measured | 118 (31.9%) | 25 (6.8%) | 124 (33.5%) | 103 (27.8%) |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||||
| Absent | 589 (34.4%) | 107 (6.2%)❡ | 590 (34.5%) | 425 (24.8%)# |
| Present | 17 (18.9%) | 9 (10.0%) | 29 (32.2%) | 35 (38.9%) |
| Type 1 diabetes❡ | ||||
| Absent | 606 (33.8%) | 115 (6.4%) | 612 (34.2%) | 459 (25.6%) |
| Present | 0 (0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 7 (77.8%) | 1 (11.1%) |
BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin.
a
n = 1748.
b
n = 1208.
c
n = 1777.
d
n = 1798.
e
n = 370.
Analysis of significant differences in least square means or counts were preformed in PROC MIXED or PROC GENMOD (type 1 diabetes in PROC FREQ Fishers Exact), respectively, where ❡P < 0.05, #P < 0.01, ✶✶P < 0.0001 compared with no tobacco use during pregnancy.