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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 3.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Nov 20;53(23):13906–13918. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03373

Table 6.

Associations of DDTs (Log Base 2 ng/g Lipids) with Biomarkers of Glucose Homeostasis

change in glucose (mg/dL) per doubled DDTs change in insulin (mIU/L) per doubled DDTs change in the Matsuda index per doubled DDTs
slope 95% CI p-value slope 95% CI p-value slope 95% CI p-value
model 1a 2.4 (−3.8, 8.6) 0.45 9.3 (2.4, 16.2) 0.008 −0.26 (−0.53, −0.0009) 0.049
model 2b 5.2 (−1.6, 12.1) 0.13 12.9 (4.9, 20.9) 0.002 −0.38 (−0.69, −0.08) 0.001
model 3c 3.0 (−4.1, 10.2) 0.40 10.3 (1.9, 18.7) 0.02 −0.22 (−0.53, 0.10) 0.17
model 4d 2.5 (−4.8, 9.7) 0.50 12.4 (3.6, 21.1) 0.006 −0.28 (−0.60, 0.04) 0.09
model 5e 0.6 (−6.9, 8.1) 0.88 10.2 (1.2, 19.3) 0.03 −0.14 (−0.46, 0.19) 0.40
a

Model 1: simple model of DDTs and outcomes; n = 147 subjects.

b

Model 2: adjusted by confounding variables (age, sex, years in the US, education attainment (less than or completed high school, less than a bachelors degree, holding a bachelors degree, and more than a bachelors degree), and fish protein); n = 147 subjects.

c

Model 2 plus BMI categories: adjusted by age, sex, years in the US, education attainment (less than or completed high school, less than a bachelors degree, holding a bachelors degree, and more than a bachelors degree), fish protein, and obesity/overweight/normal (by BMI >27.5, 27.5–23, or <23 kg/m2, respectively). Note that we adjusted by BMI categories rather than waist circumference categories to maximize sample size; n = 147 subjects.

d

Model 2 plus fatty liver: adjusted by age, sex, years in the US, education attainment (less than or completed high school, less than a bachelors degree, holding a bachelors degree, and more than a bachelors degree), fish protein, a-HCH, and fatty liver; n = 134 subjects.

e

Model 2 plus BMI and fatty liver categories adjusted by age, sex, years in the US, education attainment (less than or completed high school, less than a bachelors degree, holding a bachelors degree, and more than a bachelors degree), fish protein, a-HCH, BMI categories, and fatty liver; n = 134 subjects. Note that we adjusted by BMI categories rather than waist circumference categories to maximize sample size; n = 147 subjects.