Table 1.
Transcriptional regulation of autophagy in response to oncogenic stress
| Transcription factor | Inducer (s) | Target gene (s) | Therapy approaches |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATF5 | Oncogenic stress | MTOR | Targeted biologic therapies such as dnATF5 peptides are under study. |
| GATA4 | Chemotherapy | BCL2, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, BECN1, FOXO1 | |
| HSF1 | Chemotherapy | ATG7 | Minnelide is expected to begin Phase II clinical trial for treating gastrointestinal malignancies. |
| IRF1 | Chemotherapy | BCL2, BCL2L2 | |
| NAC1 | Chemotherapy | HMGB1 | |
| NF‐κB | Chemotherapy | BCL2, BCL2A1, BCL2L1, BECN1 | NF‐κB inhibitors such as thalidomide, arsenic trioxide and bortezomib are currently in clinical use for cancer treatment. |
| NRF2 | Chemotherapy | SQSTM1 | Nrf2 modulators such as DMF, omaveloxolone, oltipraz, ML385, have already been investigated in clinical trials. |
| p53 | Oncogenic stress | AEN, BAX, BBC3, C12orf5, CDKN2A, DAPK1, DRAM1, IGFBP3, PRKAB1, PRKAB2, SESN1, SESN2, BCL2, BCL2L1, MCL1 | Early clinical trials are ongoing evaluating the antimutant p53 agent, PRIMA‐1MET, and specific MDM2–p53 nutlin antagonists. |
| p63 | Chemotherapy | ATG3, ATG4A, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9A, ATG10, BECN1, MAP1LC3, NOS2, ULK1 | |
| p73 | Chemotherapy | ATG5, ATG7, DRAM1, UVRAG | |
| STAT3 | Oncogenic stress | ADM, ATG3, BCL2, BCL2L1, BNIP3, CCL2, CTSB, CTSL, CXCL2, GADD45B, ICAM1, JUNB, MCL1, NPC1, THBS1 | Many inhibitor targeting STAT3 such as Napabucasin and AZD9150, have also shown promising antioncogenic effects. |