TABLE 3.
Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs from logistic regression analyses of insomnia prevalence according to quintiles of energy-adjusted GI, glycemic load, carbohydrate consumption, fiber, whole grains, nonwhole/refined grains, nonjuice fruit, vegetables, and dairy products1
| Prevalent insomnia at baseline, n | Prevalent insomnia at baseline, OR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Dietary GI | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 47.1 | 4478 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 49.9 | 4667 | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) |
| Quintile 3 | 51.7 | 4785 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) |
| Quintile 4 | 53.6 | 4835 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) |
| Quintile 5 | 56.4 | 5257 | 1.23 (1.17, 1.29) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.20) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.16) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0014 | ||
| Dietary glycemic load, g/d | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 53.8 | 4647 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 74.9 | 4611 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
| Quintile 3 | 92.3 | 4817 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) |
| Quintile 4 | 112.0 | 4848 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Quintile 5 | 147.5 | 5099 | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) |
| P-trend | P = 0.0272 | P = 0.7506 | P = 0.5603 | ||
| Dietary added sugar, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 17.9 | 4436 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 29.0 | 4709 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) |
| Quintile 3 | 39.6 | 4815 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) |
| Quintile 4 | 53.1 | 4882 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) |
| Quintile 5 | 80.5 | 5180 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0051 | P = 0.0182 | ||
| Dietary total sugars, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 50.4 | 4795 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 73.8 | 4784 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) |
| Quintile 3 | 93.4 | 4735 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) |
| Quintile 4 | 116.0 | 4749 | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) |
| Quintile 5 | 156.1 | 4959 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0075 | P = 0.0277 | ||
| Dietary starch, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 38.4 | 4586 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 56.1 | 4627 | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Quintile 3 | 70.8 | 4775 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) |
| Quintile 4 | 88.5 | 4950 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) |
| Quintile 5 | 120.3 | 5084 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) |
| P-trend | P = 0.5039 | P = 0.1206 | P = 0.0831 | ||
| Dietary total carbohydrate, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 115.0 | 4677 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 158.5 | 4734 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) |
| Quintile 3 | 193.7 | 4736 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Quintile 4 | 233.6 | 4882 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) |
| Quintile 5 | 303.6 | 4993 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.4432 | P = 0.8248 | ||
| Fiber, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 10.6 | 5404 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 13.7 | 5045 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) |
| Quintile 3 | 15.9 | 4754 | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) |
| Quintile 4 | 18.2 | 4575 | 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) |
| Quintile 5 | 21.1 | 4244 | 0.74 (0.71, 0.78) | 0.84 (0.80, 0.89) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Whole grains, oz | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.24 | 5095 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 0.68 | 4945 | 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.06 | 4811 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.47 | 4633 | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
| Quintile 5 | 2.29 | 4538 | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0010 | ||
| Nonwhole/refined grains, oz | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 1.73 | 4572 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 2.64 | 4762 | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.11) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) |
| Quintile 3 | 3.29 | 4831 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) |
| Quintile 4 | 3.97 | 4801 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) |
| Quintile 5 | 5.34 | 5056 | 1.12 (1.07, 1.18) | 1.17 (1.11, 1.23) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.23) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Nonjuice fruit, cups | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.54 | 5470 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.06 | 4968 | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.59 | 4747 | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) |
| Quintile 4 | 2.07 | 4521 | 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.93) |
| Quintile 5 | 2.74 | 4316 | 0.74 (0.70, 0.78) | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.89) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Vegetables, cups | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.81 | 5370 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.20 | 4911 | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.48 | 4803 | 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.76 | 4516 | 0.79 (0.76, 0.83) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) |
| Quintile 5 | 2.22 | 4422 | 0.76 (0.72, 0.80) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.90) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Dairy products, cups | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.49 | 4901 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.03 | 4845 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.46 | 4804 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.97 | 4812 | 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) |
| Quintile 5 | 3.17 | 4660 | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.02) |
| P-trend | P = 0.0001 | P = 0.0432 | P = 0.3147 | ||
1Model 1 adjusted for energy. Glycemic load was based on available carbohydrate. Model 2 adjusted for the variables in Model 1 plus age, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, stressful life events, social support, overactive thyroid, bodily pain, hormone replacement therapy, and snoring. Model 3 adjusted for the variables in Model 2 plus depression, physical activity, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and hot flashes. 1 oz = 28.3495 g; 1 cup = 236.588 mL. GI, glycemic index; oz, ounces.