TABLE 4.
Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs from logistic regression analyses of insomnia incidence according to quintiles of energy-adjusted GI, glycemic load, carbohydrate consumption, fiber, whole grains, nonwhole/refined grains, nonjuice fruit, vegetables, and dairy products1
| Incident insomnia after 3 y, n | Incident insomnia 3 y later, OR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Dietary GI | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 47.0 | 1728 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 49.8 | 1924 | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) |
| Quintile 3 | 51.7 | 1943 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.20) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) |
| Quintile 4 | 53.5 | 2065 | 1.22 (1.14, 1.31) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28) | 1.18 (1.09, 1.27) |
| Quintile 5 | 56.3 | 2123 | 1.26 (1.18, 1.36) | 1.18 (1.10, 1.28) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | ||
| Dietary glycemic load, g/d | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 53.6 | 1809 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 74.5 | 1895 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) |
| Quintile 3 | 91.7 | 1950 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) |
| Quintile 4 | 111.3 | 2065 | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) |
| Quintile 5 | 146.5 | 2064 | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.19) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) |
| P-trend | P = 0.0365 | P = 0.0148 | P = 0.0223 | ||
| Dietary added sugar, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 17.7 | 1765 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 28.6 | 1837 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| Quintile 3 | 39.1 | 1988 | 1.14 (1.05, 1.22) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.22) |
| Quintile 4 | 52.5 | 2050 | 1.17 (1.09, 1.27) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.24) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) |
| Quintile 5 | 79.2 | 2143 | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.26) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.24) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0007 | ||
| Dietary total sugars, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 50.5 | 1882 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 73.6 | 1948 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) |
| Quintile 3 | 93.3 | 1959 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) |
| Quintile 4 | 115.6 | 1984 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| Quintile 5 | 155.4 | 2010 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) |
| P-trend | P = 0.3203 | P = 0.8450 | P = 0.7027 | ||
| Dietary starch, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 38.1 | 1807 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 55.6 | 1896 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) |
| Quintile 3 | 70.3 | 1944 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) |
| Quintile 4 | 87.8 | 2039 | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 1.13 (1.03, 1.23) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.23) |
| Quintile 5 | 119.3 | 2097 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 1.14 (1.04, 1.25) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.27) |
| P-trend | P = 0.0167 | P = 0.0064 | P = 0.0043 | ||
| Dietary total carbohydrate, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 114.7 | 1839 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 157.9 | 1946 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) |
| Quintile 3 | 192.9 | 1928 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) |
| Quintile 4 | 232.8 | 2036 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) |
| Quintile 5 | 302.7 | 2034 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) |
| P-trend | P = 0.7533 | P = 0.2319 | P = 0.2724 | ||
| Fiber, g | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 10.6 | 2141 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 13.7 | 2052 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) |
| Quintile 3 | 16.0 | 1921 | 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) |
| Quintile 4 | 18.2 | 1899 | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.07) |
| Quintile 5 | 21.0 | 1770 | 0.83 (0.77, 0.89) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0221 | P = 0.1119 | ||
| Whole grains, oz | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.25 | 2020 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 0.69 | 2049 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.12) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.07 | 1951 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.47 | 1868 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.05) |
| Quintile 5 | 2.30 | 1895 | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) |
| P-trend | P = 0.0014 | P = 0.1146 | P = 0.3442 | ||
| Nonwhole/refined grains, oz | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 1.70 | 1820 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 2.62 | 1944 | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) |
| Quintile 3 | 3.25 | 1960 | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.18) |
| Quintile 4 | 3.93 | 1976 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.17) |
| Quintile 5 | 5.26 | 2083 | 1.15 (1.08, 1.24) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.25) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25) |
| P-trend | P = 0.0002 | P = 0.0003 | P = 0.0007 | ||
| Nonjuice fruit, cups | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.56 | 2180 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.09 | 2034 | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.06) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.61 | 1905 | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) |
| Quintile 4 | 2.09 | 1922 | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) |
| Quintile 5 | 2.75 | 1742 | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0049 | P = 0.0199 | ||
| Vegetables, cups | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.82 | 2111 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.20 | 1983 | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.48 | 2032 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.77 | 1911 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) |
| Quintile 5 | 2.21 | 1746 | 0.83 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) |
| P-trend | P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0127 | P = 0.0556 | ||
| Dairy products, cups | |||||
| Quintile 1 | 0.48 | 1982 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.02 | 2012 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.45 | 1951 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.97 | 1951 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) |
| Quintile 5 | 3.16 | 1887 | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) |
| P-trend | P = 0.0090 | P = 0.1070 | P = 0.3866 | ||
1Model 1 adjusted for energy. Glycemic load was based on available carbohydrate. Model 2 adjusted for the variables in Model 1 plus age, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, stressful life events, social support, overactive thyroid, bodily pain, hormone replacement therapy, and snoring. Model 3 adjusted for the variables in Model 2 plus depression, physical activity, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and hot flashes. 1 oz = 28.3495 g; 1 cup = 236.588 mL. GI, glycemic index; oz, ounces.