TABLE 1.
Nutritional composition of the intervention products (daily portion)1
| Component | Whole apples2 | Control beverage3 |
|---|---|---|
| Energy,4 kJ | 925 | 699 |
| Energy,4 kcal | 221 | 167 |
| Fat,4 g | 0.7 | <0.1 |
| Protein,4 g | 1 | <0.1 |
| Carbohydrate total,4 g | 58 | 42 |
| Carbohydrate available,4 g | 49 | 42 |
| Total sugar,4 g | 44 | 41 |
| Glucose,4 g | 8 | 18 |
| Fructose,4 g | 23 | 20 |
| Sucrose,4 g | 12 | 3 |
| Total dietary fiber4 (AOAC), g | 8.5 | <0.5 |
| Soluble fiber4 (AOAC), g | 3.7 | <0.5 |
| Insoluble fiber4 (AOAC), g | 4.8 | <0.5 |
| Vitamin C,4 mg | 21 | <3 |
| Chlorogenic acid,5 mg | 83 ± 8.9 | 0.9 ± 2.1 |
| Cryptochlorogenic acid,5 mg | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.6 |
| Ellagic acid,5 mg | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0 ± 0 |
| Phloridzin,5 mg | 13.8 ± 3.5 | 0.3 ± 0.6 |
| Quercetin-3-O-arabinoside,5 mg | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Quercetin-3-O-glucoside,5 mg | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Quercetin-Glc-Rha (rutin),5 mg | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 0.03 ± 0.2 |
| Catechin,5 mg | 5.3 ± 2.3 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
| Epicatechin,5 mg | 27 ± 6.5 | 0.02 ± 0.09 |
| Procyanidin B1,5 mg | 23 ± 5.6 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
| Procyanidin B2,5 mg | 176 ± 26 | 0.06 ± 0.32 |
| Oligomeric PAs (DP > 2)6 | 854 ± 233 | 1 ± 1.7 |
| Mean DP6 | 7.1 | 3.5 |
| Sum of polyphenols7 | 990 ± 259 | 2.5 ± 5.7 |
1
Values are means ± SDs for polyphenols.
2
Consists of a 340-g daily serving (2 apples; Renetta Canada) without the core including skin.
3
Consists of a 100-mL control beverage + 400-mL water daily serving (sugar-matched control).
4
Measured by Campden BRI laboratories, UK, mixture of 3 apples.
5
Quantified in house according to Vrhovsek et al. (27), measurement of 15 apples from December to April.
6
Quantified in house according to Gris et al. (28), measurement of 15 apples from December to April. DP, degree of polymerization; PA, proanthocyanidin.
7
Sum of all individual polyphenols and oligomeric PAs (DP > 2).