TABLE 2.
Anthropometric characteristics and blood biochemistry in mildly hypercholesterolemic participants BT (week 1) and AT (week 8) with WAs or CB1
| WAs | CB | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | L | n/N | BT (95% CI) | AT (95% CI) | BT (95% CI) | AT (95% CI) | P value |
| Anthropometrics | |||||||
| Weight, kg | 160/40 | 72.1 (67.66, 76.58) | 72.3 (67.86, 76.78) | 72.2 (67.74, 76.66) | 72.4 (67.96, 76.88) | 0.677 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 160/40 | 25.3 (24.15, 26.51) | 25.4 (24.22, 26.57) | 25.3 (24.17, 26.53) | 25.4 (24.27, 26.63) | 0.500 | |
| Waist, cm | 144/39 | 88.5 (85.01, 92.05) | 88.5 (85.01, 92.05) | 89.0 (85.51, 92.53) | 88.5 (84.98, 92.00) | 0.895 | |
| Fat, % | 152/40 | 28.8 (26.49, 31.18) | 29.2 (26.87, 31.55) | 29.0 (26.68, 31.36) | 29.0 (26.67, 31.35) | 0.484 | |
| Trunk fat, % | 150/40 | 28.1 (26.01, 30.16) | 28.6 (26.51, 30.67) | 28.2 (26.09, 30.24) | 28.2 (26.12, 30.27) | 0.300 | |
| Blood biochemistry | |||||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 152/38 | 6.08 (5.84, 6.33) | 5.89 (5.64, 6.14) | 6.05 (5.80, 6.30) | 6.11 (5.86, 6.36) | 0.006 | |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 152/38 | 3.89 (3.67, 4.11) | 3.72 (3.50, 3.95) | 3.83 (3.61, 4.05) | 3.86 (3.64, 4.08) | 0.031 | |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 152/38 | 1.62 (1.49, 1.75) | 1.58 (1.46, 1.71) | 1.62 (1.50, 1.75) | 1.61 (1.48, 1.74) | 0.246 | |
| TAG, mmol/L | ✓ | 152/38 | 1.17 (1.04, 1.32) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.32) | 1.19 (1.06, 1.35) | 1.30 (1.15, 1.46) | 0.021 |
| NEFAs, μmol/L | ✓ | 152/38 | 456.9 (402.23, 518.98) | 431.3 (379.74, 489.97) | 456.3 (401.72, 518.32) | 426.1 (375.09, 483.96) | 0.807 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 152/38 | 5.03 (4.88, 5.17) | 5.04 (4.89, 5.18) | 5.14 (5.00, 5.29) | 5.09 (4.95, 5.24) | 0.229 | |
| Insulin, pmol/L | ✓ | 160/40 | 33.8 (28.80, 39.79) | 34.3 (29.15, 40.27) | 35.9 (30.51, 42.16) | 38.7 (32.89, 45.45) | 0.051 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 160/40 | 6.5 (5.69, 7.31) | 6.1 (5.30, 6.92) | 6.2 (5.44, 7.06) | 6.5 (5.70, 7.33) | 0.106 | |
| Albumin, g/L | 152/38 | 44.1 (43.32, 44.94) | 43.3 (42.51, 44.13) | 44.2 (43.43, 45.06) | 43.8 (42.95, 44.57) | 0.177 | |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | ✓ | 152/38 | 6.4 (5.10, 8.11) | 6.6 (5.20, 8.26) | 6.4 (5.04, 8.01) | 6.2 (4.92, 7.81) | 0.071 |
| Endothelin, pg/mL | ✓ | 160/40 | 1.1 (1.04, 1.26) | 1.2 (1.06, 1.27) | 1.1 (1.02, 1.23) | 1.1 (1.03, 1.24) | 0.561 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 152/38 | 337.3 (313.65, 360.88) | 341.4 (317.75, 364.98) | 338.1 (314.46, 361.69) | 330.0 (306.41, 353.64) | 0.020 | |
| VCAM-1, ng/mL | ✓ | 152/38 | 696.6 (638.88, 759.55) | 665.7 (610.56, 725.88) | 682.6 (626.05, 744.30) | 690.8 (633.60, 753.28) | 0.090 |
| ICAM-1, ng/mL | ✓ | 152/38 | 152.6 (133.04, 174.94) | 153.9 (134.22, 176.48) | 156.5 (136.44, 179.41) | 159.4 (139.04, 182.83) | 0.028 |
| E-selectin, ng/mL | ✓ | 152/38 | 32.1 (28.82, 35.72) | 32.8 (29.45, 36.50) | 32.4 (29.11, 36.09) | 33.3 (29.90, 37.07) | 0.417 |
| P-selectin, ng/mL | ✓ | 152/38 | 34.7 (32.16, 37.34) | 34.7 (32.17, 37.35) | 35.6 (33.06, 38.39) | 35.2 (32.69, 37.95) | 0.214 |
Values are means (for nontransformed variables mean is equal to median) or medians (for the log-transformed variables) with (500) bootstrap 95% CIs estimated with a joint mixed-effect linear model on BT and AT data, adjusted for subject variability. The treatment effect is statistically significant when P < 0.05. AT, after treatment; BT, before treatment; CB, control beverage; ICAM-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; L, the model was built using the log10-transformed variable and the values are back-transformed in the original scale for the reader's convenience; n, number of observations; N, number of subjects; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; WA, whole apple.