TABLE 4.
Measures of α-microbial diversity (Shannon index) and β-microbial diversity (Bray–Curtis index) by quantiles of the intake of anthocyanins and foods rich in anthocyanins in PopGen participants1
| Quantile 1 | Quantile 2 | Quantile 3 | Quantile 4 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthocyanins | |||||
| Shannon index | 4.2 (4.1, 4.3) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.3) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) | 0.04 | |
| Bray–Curtis (PCoA-1) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.11) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.14) | — | 0.64 |
| Bray–Curtis (PCoA-2) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.08) | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.07) | — | 0.89 |
| Bray–Curtis (PCoA-3) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | 0.09 (0.01, 0.18) | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.07) | — | 0.65 |
| Anthocyanin-rich foods | |||||
| Shannon index | 4.2 (4.1, 4.2) | 4.2 (4.1, 4.3) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) | 4.4 (4.3, 4.4) | <0.01 |
| Bray–Curtis (PCoA-1) | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.06) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.16) | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.13) | 0.43 |
| Bray–Curtis (PCoA-2) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.12) | −0.09 (−0.19, 0.01) | −0.09 (−0.19, 0.01) | 0.04 |
| Bray–Curtis (PCoA-3) | −0.11 (−0.21, 0.00) | 0.04 (−0.06, 0.13) | 0.12 (0.02, 0.22) | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) | 0.03 |
n = 618. Values are means (95% CIs). Models adjusted for sex; age (y); smoking (never, former, current); physical activity (metabolic equivalents per week); BMI (kg/m2); height (cm); use of vitamin or mineral supplements (yes or no); education level (none or primary/middle school, secondary school or college/further education); daily intakes (in tertiles) of energy (kcal), polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fat (g/d), fiber (g/d), alcohol (g/d), and carbonated drinks (frequency/d); and the ratio of energy intake to estimated energy requirements. P value calculated using ANCOVA. Foods rich in anthocyanins include red wine, strawberries, and other berries (red currants, blackberries, blueberries). PCoA, principal coordinate analysis.